Pub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00977-z
Dan Garisto
{"title":"Trump's new science advisers include 12 technology chiefs - and one academic.","authors":"Dan Garisto","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-00977-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00977-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00549-1
Holly Newson
{"title":"Why labs need a napping room to help you work, rest and play.","authors":"Holly Newson","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-00549-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00549-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00867-4
{"title":"History of 'forever' chemicals is written in Antarctic snow.","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-00867-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00867-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00976-0
Nick Petrić Howe, Maren Hunsberger
{"title":"Why insects aren't huge: a new challenge to a decades-old idea.","authors":"Nick Petrić Howe, Maren Hunsberger","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-00976-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00976-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00427-w
{"title":"A guide to the Nature Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-00427-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00427-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10266-4
Christopher B. Medina, Ewelina Sobierajska, Minghao Gong, Daniel T. McManus, Maheshwor Thapa, Judong Lee, Se Jin Im, Jason E. Toombs, Joshua M. Mitchell, Yating Wang, Jennifer W. Carlisle, Gordon J. Freeman, Viraj A. Master, Suresh S. Ramalingam, Haydn T. Kissick, Shuzhao Li, Rolf A. Brekken, Rafi Ahmed
In cancer and chronic infection, CD8 T cell exhaustion is hallmarked by expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD1, TIM3, LAG3 and others1,2,3. Thus, inhibitory molecule focus has been limited to cell-surface proteins. Here we evaluate the surface lipid metabolite phosphatidylserine (PS) as a regulator of exhaustion. PS primarily localizes to the inner plasma membrane of live cells but is well known to be externalized to the outer membrane during cell death. The role of exposed PS on live immune cells is less clear. We show that viable, antigen-specific CD8 T cells externalize PS during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. T cell activation induced initial PS exposure, and chronic antigen stimulation sustained externalization. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses also identified PS accumulation in exhausted CD8 T cells. To evaluate a role for exposed PS in exhaustion, we treated LCMV chronically infected mice with a PS-targeting antibody (mch1N11)4 and found that it expanded LCMV-specific CD8 responses. PD1+TCF1+ stem-like CD8 T cells downregulated quiescence-associated gene modules and increased proliferation after antibody treatment, highlighting an inhibitory role for PS. Mechanistically, exposed PS on T cells functioned extrinsically to suppress dendritic cell immunostimulatory phenotypes, in turn limiting CD8 T cell responses. PS-targeting antibody with anti-PDL1 synergized to increase CD8 responses and improve viral control. Finally, we show that PD1+ CD8 T cells from human tumours can also expose PS. In summary, we detail CD8 T cell PS biology and provide insight into a mechanism by which exposed PS functions as a ‘non-classical’ extrinsic inhibitory molecule in exhaustion.
{"title":"Exposed phosphatidylserine is an inhibitory molecule in T cell exhaustion","authors":"Christopher B. Medina, Ewelina Sobierajska, Minghao Gong, Daniel T. McManus, Maheshwor Thapa, Judong Lee, Se Jin Im, Jason E. Toombs, Joshua M. Mitchell, Yating Wang, Jennifer W. Carlisle, Gordon J. Freeman, Viraj A. Master, Suresh S. Ramalingam, Haydn T. Kissick, Shuzhao Li, Rolf A. Brekken, Rafi Ahmed","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-10266-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10266-4","url":null,"abstract":"In cancer and chronic infection, CD8 T cell exhaustion is hallmarked by expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD1, TIM3, LAG3 and others1,2,3. Thus, inhibitory molecule focus has been limited to cell-surface proteins. Here we evaluate the surface lipid metabolite phosphatidylserine (PS) as a regulator of exhaustion. PS primarily localizes to the inner plasma membrane of live cells but is well known to be externalized to the outer membrane during cell death. The role of exposed PS on live immune cells is less clear. We show that viable, antigen-specific CD8 T cells externalize PS during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. T cell activation induced initial PS exposure, and chronic antigen stimulation sustained externalization. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses also identified PS accumulation in exhausted CD8 T cells. To evaluate a role for exposed PS in exhaustion, we treated LCMV chronically infected mice with a PS-targeting antibody (mch1N11)4 and found that it expanded LCMV-specific CD8 responses. PD1+TCF1+ stem-like CD8 T cells downregulated quiescence-associated gene modules and increased proliferation after antibody treatment, highlighting an inhibitory role for PS. Mechanistically, exposed PS on T cells functioned extrinsically to suppress dendritic cell immunostimulatory phenotypes, in turn limiting CD8 T cell responses. PS-targeting antibody with anti-PDL1 synergized to increase CD8 responses and improve viral control. Finally, we show that PD1+ CD8 T cells from human tumours can also expose PS. In summary, we detail CD8 T cell PS biology and provide insight into a mechanism by which exposed PS functions as a ‘non-classical’ extrinsic inhibitory molecule in exhaustion.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10288-y
Nolan Kamitaki, David Tang, Steven A. McCarroll, Po-Ru Loh
Many viruses have adapted to persist in infected humans for life1,2. Variable host control of their ongoing abundance (viral load) can lead to clearance or disease3,4,5. Here we analysed the viral DNA load of 31 common viruses in human blood and saliva using whole-genome sequencing data from UK Biobank (n = 490,401), All of Us (n = 414,817) and Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK; n = 12,519). Viral DNA load varied markedly with age, time of day and season; most viruses were also present at greater abundance in men than in women. Human genetic variation at dozens of loci associated with DNA load of seven viruses: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV, 45 loci), human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 (37 loci), HHV-6B, Merkel cell polyomavirus and three anelloviruses. Variation at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus generated the strongest associations (P = 5.8 × 10–9 to 2.5 × 10–1459), which were specific to each virus. The HLA-B*08:01 allele also exhibited a host–virus genetic interaction with EBV subtype (P = 7.4 × 10–70). Other human genetic effects implicated genes encoding proteins that process peptides for antigen presentation, such as ERAP1 (HHV-7, P = 2.7 × 10–78) and ERAP2 (EBV, P = 4.6 × 10–111). Mendelian randomization analyses supported a strong causal effect of EBV DNA load on increased risk of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (P = 1.8 × 10–3), but not multiple sclerosis (P = 0.52). This suggests that higher chronic EBV load increases lymphoma risk, whereas associations of EBV infection with autoimmune conditions reflect host immune responses to particular viral epitopes.
许多病毒已经适应了在被感染的人体内存活一生1,2。宿主对其持续丰度（病毒载量）的可变控制可导致清除或疾病3,4,5。在这里，我们使用来自UK Biobank （n = 490401）、All of Us （n = 414817）和Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge （SPARK; n = 12519）的全基因组测序数据，分析了人类血液和唾液中31种常见病毒的病毒DNA载量。病毒DNA载量随年龄、时间和季节变化显著；大多数病毒在男性中的含量也高于女性。7种病毒（EBV， 45个基因座）、人类疱疹病毒（HHV)-7（37个基因座）、HHV- 6b、默克尔细胞多瘤病毒和3种anelavirus）的数十个基因座与DNA负荷相关的人类遗传变异。主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）位点的变异产生了最强的关联（P = 5.8 × 10-9至2.5 × 10-1459），每种病毒都具有特异性。HLA-B*08:01等位基因也表现出与EBV亚型宿主病毒的遗传互作（P = 7.4 × 10-70）。其他人类遗传效应涉及编码蛋白的基因，如ERAP1 （HHV-7, P = 2.7 × 10-78）和ERAP2 （EBV, P = 4.6 × 10-111）。孟德尔随机化分析支持EBV DNA负荷与霍奇金淋巴瘤风险增加的强烈因果关系（P = 1.8 × 10-3），但与多发性硬化症无关（P = 0.52）。这表明较高的慢性eb病毒载量会增加淋巴瘤风险，而eb病毒感染与自身免疫性疾病的关联反映了宿主对特定病毒表位的免疫反应。
{"title":"The DNA virome varies with human genes and environments","authors":"Nolan Kamitaki, David Tang, Steven A. McCarroll, Po-Ru Loh","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-10288-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10288-y","url":null,"abstract":"Many viruses have adapted to persist in infected humans for life1,2. Variable host control of their ongoing abundance (viral load) can lead to clearance or disease3,4,5. Here we analysed the viral DNA load of 31 common viruses in human blood and saliva using whole-genome sequencing data from UK Biobank (n = 490,401), All of Us (n = 414,817) and Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK; n = 12,519). Viral DNA load varied markedly with age, time of day and season; most viruses were also present at greater abundance in men than in women. Human genetic variation at dozens of loci associated with DNA load of seven viruses: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV, 45 loci), human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 (37 loci), HHV-6B, Merkel cell polyomavirus and three anelloviruses. Variation at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus generated the strongest associations (P = 5.8 × 10–9 to 2.5 × 10–1459), which were specific to each virus. The HLA-B*08:01 allele also exhibited a host–virus genetic interaction with EBV subtype (P = 7.4 × 10–70). Other human genetic effects implicated genes encoding proteins that process peptides for antigen presentation, such as ERAP1 (HHV-7, P = 2.7 × 10–78) and ERAP2 (EBV, P = 4.6 × 10–111). Mendelian randomization analyses supported a strong causal effect of EBV DNA load on increased risk of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (P = 1.8 × 10–3), but not multiple sclerosis (P = 0.52). This suggests that higher chronic EBV load increases lymphoma risk, whereas associations of EBV infection with autoimmune conditions reflect host immune responses to particular viral epitopes.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00935-9
{"title":"China is an innovation powerhouse — but it should do more fundamental research","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-00935-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00935-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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