Direct writing of graphene electrodes for point-of-care electrochemical sensing applications

Electrochemical sensors are increasingly garnering attention as valuable tools for point-of-care (POC) testing due to their low costs, high sensitivities, and ease of miniaturization. Graphene-based materials, renowned for their tunable electrical conductivity, high specific surface areas, versatile functionality, and biocompatibility; are highly suited for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors with heightened sensitivities. Non-contact, maskless, direct writing methods allow the rapid, large-scale production of graphene electrodes with high design flexibility. Researchers globally are advancing graphene electrode production, aiming for smaller, faster, and more efficient sensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances on the direct writing of graphene electrodes for electrochemical sensing applications. It covers the basics of direct writing techniques, the advancements in graphene ink/precursor preparation, structural design, and device integration, with a focus on POC platforms.