利用 EMCCD 作为光子数解析装置,成倍提高量子信噪比

Rounak Chatterjee, Vikas S. Bhat, Kiran Bajar, Sushil Mujumdar
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摘要

电子倍增电荷耦合器件(EMCCD)因其高量子效率和空间分辨率,被广泛用于研究典型的量子光学现象和相关应用。研究人员已经开发出一种程序,可以根据像素的输出是否高于或低于估计的噪声水平,从统计学角度确定像素是否检测到单光子。然而,这些技术在光子数极低(每次曝光每个像素的平均光子数≈0.15)的情况下才可行,每个像素最多只能检测到一个光子。由于这一限制,任何研究都需要大量的帧。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种估算任意曝光时间下每帧每像素光子平均率的方法。随后,我们对入射到每个像素上的光子数(≥ 1)进行统计估算。这样,我们就能有效地将 EMCCD 用作光子数分辨设备。这立即提高了实验中可接受的光照水平,从而大大缩短了所需的实验时间。为了证明我们的方法,我们对自发参量向下转换过程产生的一对空间纠缠光子的量子相关性对比进行了量化。与传统方法相比,我们的方法在数据采集时间减半的情况下,信噪比(SNR)提高了约 3 倍。只要对曝光时间等实验参数稍作修改,就能轻松提高信噪比。
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Multifold enhancement of quantum SNR by using an EMCCD as a photon number resolving device
Electron multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs), owing to their high quantum efficiency and spatial resolution, are widely used to study typical quantum optical phenomena and related applications. Researchers have already developed a procedure that enables one to statistically determine whether a pixel detects a single photon, based on whether its output is higher or lower than the estimated noise level. However, these techniques are feasible at extremely low photon numbers (≈0.15 mean number of photons per pixel per exposure), allowing for at most one photon per pixel. This limitation necessitates a very large number of frames required for any study. In this work, we present a method to estimate the mean rate of photons per pixel per frame for arbitrary exposure time. Subsequently, we make a statistical estimate of the number of photons (≥ 1) incident on each pixel. This allows us to effectively use the EMCCD as a photon number resolving device. This immediately augments the acceptable light levels in the experiments, leading to significant reduction in the required experimentation time. As evidence of our approach, we quantify contrast in quantum correlation exhibited by a pair of spatially entangled photons generated by a spontaneous parametric down conversion process. In comparison with conventional methods, our method realizes an enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by approximately a factor of 3 for half the data collection time. This SNR can be easily enhanced by minor modifications in experimental parameters such as exposure time, etc.
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