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Shaping entangled photons through arbitrary scattering media using an advanced wave beacon 利用先进的波信标通过任意散射介质塑造纠缠光子
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.525445
Ronen Shekel, Ohad Lib, Yaron Bromberg
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引用次数: 0
High-dimensional quantum correlation measurements with an adaptively gated hybrid single-photon camera 利用自适应门控混合单光子照相机进行高维量子相关测量
Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.522894
Sanjukta Kundu, Jerzy Szuniewicz, Grzegorz Firlik, Alexander Krupinski-Ptaszek, Radek Lapkiewicz
Efficient measurement of high-dimensional quantum correlations, especially spatial ones, is essential for quantum technologies. We propose and demonstrate an adaptively gated hybrid intensified camera (HIC) that combines the information from a high spatial resolution sensor and a high temporal resolution detector, offering precise control over the number of photons detected within each frame. The HIC facilitates spatially resolved single-photon counting measurements. We study the measurement of momentum correlations of photon pairs generated in type-I spontaneous parametric downconversion with the HIC and demonstrate the possibility of time-tagging the registered photons. With a spatial resolution of multi-megapixels and nanosecond temporal resolution, this system allows for the realization of previously infeasible quantum optics experiments.
高效测量高维量子相关性,尤其是空间相关性,对量子技术至关重要。我们提出并演示了一种自适应门控混合强化相机(HIC),它结合了高空间分辨率传感器和高时间分辨率探测器的信息,可精确控制每帧内检测到的光子数量。HIC 为空间分辨单光子计数测量提供了便利。我们研究了利用 HIC 测量 I 型自发参数降频转换中产生的光子对的动量相关性,并展示了对登记的光子进行时间标记的可能性。该系统具有数百万像素的空间分辨率和纳秒级的时间分辨率,可以实现以前无法实现的量子光学实验。
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引用次数: 0
Toward heralded distribution of polarization entanglement 极化纠缠的预示性分布
Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.515316
F. Joseph Marcellino, Patrik Caspar, Tiff Brydges, Hugo Zbinden, Rob Thew
Distributing entangled states over potentially long distances provides a key resource for many protocols in quantum communication and quantum cryptography. Ideally, this should be implemented in a heralded manner. Starting with four single-photon states, we cascade two single-photon path-entangled states, coded in orthogonal polarizations, to distribute and herald polarization entanglement in a single quantum repeater link architecture. By tuning the input states to minimize (local) losses, the theoretically achievable fidelity to the target state without postselection approaches 1, while sacrificing heralding rates. We achieve a fidelity to the target state of over 95% after postselection, providing a benchmark for the experimental control and allowing a first demonstration of a device-independent quantum key distribution architecture capable of operation over relevant distances. We show that the fidelity of the heralded state without postselection scales predictably and also identify various practical challenges and error sources specific to this architecture, and model their effects on the generated state. While our experiment uses probabilistic photon-pair sources based on spontaneous parametric downconversion, many of these problems are also relevant for variants employing deterministic photon sources.
在潜在的长距离上分发纠缠态为量子通信和量子密码学中的许多协议提供了关键资源。理想情况下,这应该以预示的方式实现。从四个单光子态开始,我们级联两个以正交偏振编码的单光子路径纠缠态,在单个量子中继器链路结构中分配和预示偏振纠缠。通过调整输入态以最小化(局部)损耗,理论上可实现的无后选择目标态保真度接近 1,同时牺牲了预示率。经过后选择后,我们实现了超过 95% 的目标状态保真度,为实验控制提供了一个基准,并首次展示了能够在相关距离上运行的独立于设备的量子密钥分发架构。我们证明了无后选预示态的保真度可预测地扩展,还确定了该架构特有的各种实际挑战和误差源,并模拟了它们对生成态的影响。虽然我们的实验使用的是基于自发参数下变频的概率光子对源,但其中许多问题也与采用确定性光子源的变体有关。
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引用次数: 0
Distribution of telecom entangled photons through a 7.7 km antiresonant hollow-core fiber 电信纠缠光子在 7.7 千米反谐振空芯光纤中的分布
Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.514257
Michael Antesberger, Carla M. D. Richter, Francesco Poletti, Radan Slavík, Periklis Petropoulos, Hannes Hübel, Alessandro Trenti, Philip Walther, Lee A. Rozema
State of the art classical and quantum communications rely on standard optical fibers with solid cores to transmit light over long distances. However, recent advances have led to the emergence of antiresonant hollow-core optical fibers (AR-HCFs), which, due to the novel fiber geometry, show remarkable optical guiding properties, which are not as limited by the material properties as solid-core fibers. In this paper, we explore the transmission of entangled photons through a novel 7.7 km AR-HCF in a laboratory environment at 1550 nm, presenting the first successful demonstration of entanglement distribution via a long AR-HCF. In addition to showing these novel fibers are compatible with long distance quantum communication, we highlight the low latency and low chromatic dispersion intrinsic to AR-HCF, which can increase the secure key rate in time-bin-based quantum key distribution protocols.
最先进的经典通信和量子通信都依靠标准的实芯光纤进行长距离传输。然而,最近的进步导致了反谐振空芯光纤(AR-HCF)的出现,这种光纤因其新颖的几何形状而显示出显著的光导特性,不像实芯光纤那样受材料特性的限制。在本文中,我们在实验室环境中探索了纠缠光子在 1550 nm 波长下通过新型 7.7 km AR-HCF 的传输,首次成功展示了纠缠光子通过长 AR-HCF 的分布。除了证明这些新型光纤与长距离量子通信兼容之外,我们还强调了 AR-HCF 固有的低延迟和低色度色散特性,这可以提高基于时间分段的量子密钥分发协议中的安全密钥速率。
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引用次数: 0
Increasing quantum communication rates using hyperentangled photonic states 利用超纠缠光子态提高量子通信速率
Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.520406
Liat Nemirovsky-Levy, Uzi Pereg, Mordechai Segev
Quantum communication is based on the generation of quantum states and exploitation of quantum resources for communication protocols. Currently, photons are considered as the optimal carriers of information, because they enable long-distance transition with resilience to decoherence and they are relatively easy to create and detect. Entanglement is a fundamental resource for quantum communication and information processing, and it is of particular importance for quantum repeaters. Hyperentanglement, a state where parties are entangled with two or more degrees of freedom (DoFs) simultaneously, provides an important additional resource because it increases data rates and enhances error resilience. However, in photonics, the channel capacity, i.e., the ultimate throughput, is fundamentally limited when dealing with linear elements. We propose a technique for achieving higher transmission rates for quantum communication by using hyperentangled states, based on multiplexing multiple DoFs on a single photon, transmitting the photon, and eventually demultiplexing the DoFs to different photons at the destination, using Bell state measurements. Following our scheme, one can generate two entangled qubit pairs by sending only a single photon. The proposed transmission scheme lays the groundwork for novel quantum communication protocols with higher transmission rates and refined control over scalable quantum technologies.
量子通信的基础是量子态的产生和通信协议对量子资源的利用。目前,光子被认为是最佳的信息载体,因为它们可以实现长距离传输,具有抗退相干性,而且相对容易创建和检测。纠缠是量子通信和信息处理的基本资源,对量子中继器尤为重要。超纠缠是一种各方同时与两个或两个以上自由度(DoFs)纠缠的状态,它提供了一种重要的额外资源,因为它能提高数据传输速率并增强抗错能力。然而,在光子学中,当处理线性元素时,信道容量(即最终吞吐量)从根本上受到限制。我们提出了一种利用超纠缠态实现更高的量子通信传输速率的技术,其基础是在单个光子上复用多个 DoFs,传输光子,并最终在目的地利用贝尔状态测量将 DoFs 解复用为不同的光子。按照我们的方案,只需发送一个光子,就能生成两个纠缠的量子比特对。所提出的传输方案为新型量子通信协议奠定了基础,该协议具有更高的传输速率,并可对可扩展量子技术进行精细控制。
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引用次数: 0
Multifold enhancement of quantum SNR by using an EMCCD as a photon number resolving device 利用 EMCCD 作为光子数解析装置,成倍提高量子信噪比
Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.518037
Rounak Chatterjee, Vikas S. Bhat, Kiran Bajar, Sushil Mujumdar
Electron multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs), owing to their high quantum efficiency and spatial resolution, are widely used to study typical quantum optical phenomena and related applications. Researchers have already developed a procedure that enables one to statistically determine whether a pixel detects a single photon, based on whether its output is higher or lower than the estimated noise level. However, these techniques are feasible at extremely low photon numbers (≈0.15 mean number of photons per pixel per exposure), allowing for at most one photon per pixel. This limitation necessitates a very large number of frames required for any study. In this work, we present a method to estimate the mean rate of photons per pixel per frame for arbitrary exposure time. Subsequently, we make a statistical estimate of the number of photons (≥ 1) incident on each pixel. This allows us to effectively use the EMCCD as a photon number resolving device. This immediately augments the acceptable light levels in the experiments, leading to significant reduction in the required experimentation time. As evidence of our approach, we quantify contrast in quantum correlation exhibited by a pair of spatially entangled photons generated by a spontaneous parametric down conversion process. In comparison with conventional methods, our method realizes an enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by approximately a factor of 3 for half the data collection time. This SNR can be easily enhanced by minor modifications in experimental parameters such as exposure time, etc.
电子倍增电荷耦合器件(EMCCD)因其高量子效率和空间分辨率,被广泛用于研究典型的量子光学现象和相关应用。研究人员已经开发出一种程序,可以根据像素的输出是否高于或低于估计的噪声水平,从统计学角度确定像素是否检测到单光子。然而,这些技术在光子数极低(每次曝光每个像素的平均光子数≈0.15)的情况下才可行,每个像素最多只能检测到一个光子。由于这一限制,任何研究都需要大量的帧。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种估算任意曝光时间下每帧每像素光子平均率的方法。随后,我们对入射到每个像素上的光子数(≥ 1)进行统计估算。这样,我们就能有效地将 EMCCD 用作光子数分辨设备。这立即提高了实验中可接受的光照水平,从而大大缩短了所需的实验时间。为了证明我们的方法,我们对自发参量向下转换过程产生的一对空间纠缠光子的量子相关性对比进行了量化。与传统方法相比,我们的方法在数据采集时间减半的情况下,信噪比(SNR)提高了约 3 倍。只要对曝光时间等实验参数稍作修改,就能轻松提高信噪比。
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引用次数: 0
High-quality single InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot growth on a silicon substrate for quantum photonic applications 在硅衬底上生长出用于量子光子应用的高质量 InGaAs/GaAs 单量子点
Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.510829
Imad Limame, Peter Ludewig, Ching-Wen Shih, Marcel Hohn, Chirag C. Palekar, Wolfgang Stolz, and Stephan Reitzenstein
Developing non-classical light sources for use in quantum information technology is a primary goal of quantum nanophotonics. Significant progress has been made in this area using quantum dots grown on III/V semiconductor substrates. However, it is crucial to develop quantum light sources based on silicon wafers to facilitate large-scale integration of electronic circuits and quantum photonic structures. We present a method for the direct heteroepitaxial growth of high-quality InGaAs quantum dots on silicon, which enables the fabrication of scalable and cost-effective quantum photonics devices that are compatible with silicon technology. To achieve high-quality GaAs heterostructures, we apply an intermediate GaP buffer and defect-reducing layers on a silicon substrate. The epitaxially grown quantum dots exhibit optical and quantum-optical properties similar to reference ones based on conventional GaAs substrates. The distributed Bragg reflector used as a backside mirror enables us to achieve bright emission with up to (18 ± 1)% photon extraction efficiency. Additionally, the quantum dots exhibit strong multi-photon suppression with g(2)(τ) = (3.7 ± 0.2) × 10−2 and high photon indistinguishability V = (66 ± 19)% under non-resonant excitation. These results indicate the high potential of our heteroepitaxy approach in the field of silicon-compatible quantum nanophotonics. Our approach can pave the way for future chips that combine electronic and quantum photonic functionality.
开发用于量子信息技术的非经典光源是量子纳米光子学的主要目标。利用在 III/V 族半导体衬底上生长的量子点在这一领域取得了重大进展。然而,开发基于硅片的量子光源以促进电子电路和量子光子结构的大规模集成至关重要。我们提出了一种在硅上直接异质外延生长高质量 InGaAs 量子点的方法,从而能够制造出与硅技术兼容的可扩展且具有成本效益的量子光子器件。为了实现高质量的砷化镓异质结构,我们在硅衬底上应用了中间 GaP 缓冲层和缺陷减少层。外延生长的量子点表现出的光学和量子光学特性与基于传统砷化镓衬底的参考特性相似。用作背面反射镜的分布式布拉格反射器使我们能够实现明亮的发射,光子萃取效率高达 (18 ± 1)%。此外,量子点还表现出很强的多光子抑制能力(g(2)(τ) = (3.7 ± 0.2) × 10-2),并且在非共振激发下具有很高的光子不可分性 V = (66 ± 19)%。这些结果表明,我们的异质外延方法在硅兼容量子纳米光子学领域具有巨大潜力。我们的方法可以为未来结合电子和量子光子功能的芯片铺平道路。
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引用次数: 0
Number-state reconstruction with a single single-photon avalanche detector 利用单个单光子雪崩探测器进行数态重构
Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.504308
Patrick R. Banner, Deniz Kurdak, Yaxin Li, Alan Migdall, J. V. Porto, and S. L. Rolston
Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) are crucial sensors of light for many fields and applications. However, they are not able to resolve photon number, so typically more complex and more expensive experimental setups or devices must be used to measure the number of photons in a pulse. Here, we present a methodology for performing photon number-state reconstruction with only one SPAD. The methodology, which is cost-effective and easy to implement, uses maximum-likelihood techniques with a detector model whose parameters are measurable. We achieve excellent agreement between known input pulses and their reconstructions for coherent states with up to ≈10 photons and peak input photon rates up to several Mcounts/s. When detector imperfections are small, we maintain good agreement for coherent pulses with peak input photon rates of over 40 Mcounts/s, greater than one photon per detector dead time. For anti-bunched light, the reconstructed and independently measured pulse-averaged values of g(2)(0) are also consistent with one another. Our algorithm is applicable to light pulses whose pulse width and correlation time scales are both at least a few detector dead times. These results, achieved with single commercially available SPADs, provide an inexpensive number-state reconstruction method and expand the capabilities of single-photon detectors.
单光子雪崩探测器(SPAD)是许多领域和应用的重要光传感器。然而,单光子雪崩探测器无法分辨光子数量,因此必须使用更复杂、更昂贵的实验装置或设备来测量脉冲中的光子数量。在这里,我们介绍一种仅用一个 SPAD 就能进行光子数态重建的方法。该方法采用最大似然技术,使用参数可测量的探测器模型,成本低廉,易于实施。我们实现了已知输入脉冲与相干态重构之间的极佳一致性,相干态光子数最高≈10,输入光子峰值速率最高可达数个 Mcounts/s。当探测器的缺陷较小时,我们能在输入光子峰值速率超过 40 Mcounts/s 的相干脉冲中保持良好的一致性,每探测器死区时间大于一个光子。对于反束光,g(2)(0) 的重建值和独立测量的脉冲平均值也是一致的。我们的算法适用于脉冲宽度和相关时间尺度都至少是几个探测器死区时间的光脉冲。这些结果是利用单个市售 SPAD 实现的,提供了一种廉价的数态重建方法,并扩展了单光子探测器的功能。
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引用次数: 0
Highly efficient visible and near-IR photon pair generation with thin-film lithium niobate 利用薄膜铌酸锂实现高效可见光和近红外光子对生成
Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.507526
Nathan A. Harper, Emily Y. Hwang, Ryoto Sekine, Luis Ledezma, Christian Perez, Alireza Marandi, and Scott K. Cushing
Efficient on-chip entangled photon pair generation at telecom wavelengths is an integral aspect of emerging quantum optical technologies, particularly for quantum communication and computing. However, moving to shorter wavelengths enables the use of more accessible silicon detector technology, and opens up applications in imaging and spectroscopy. Here, we present high brightness ((1.6 ± 0.3) × 109 pairs/s/mW/nm) visible–near-IR photon pair generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide. The degenerate spectrum of the photon pairs is centered at 811 nm with a bandwidth of 117 nm when pumped with a spectrally multimode laser diode. The measured on-chip source efficiency of (2.3 ± 0.5) × 1011 pairs/s/mW is on par with source efficiencies at telecom wavelengths and is also orders of magnitude higher than the efficiencies of other visible sources implemented in bulk crystal or diffused waveguide-based technologies. Further improvements in the brightness and efficiencies are possible by pumping the device with a single-frequency laser, which would also shrink the pair bandwidth. These results represent the shortest wavelength of photon pairs generated in a nanophotonic waveguide reported to date by nearly an octave.
在电信波长上生成高效的片上纠缠光子对是新兴量子光学技术不可或缺的一个方面,特别是在量子通信和计算方面。然而,转向更短的波长可以使用更容易获得的硅探测器技术,并开辟了成像和光谱学的应用领域。在这里,我们展示了在周期性极化铌酸锂纳米光子波导中产生的高亮度((1.6 ± 0.3)×109 对/s/mW/nm)可见光-近红外光子对。当使用光谱多模激光二极管泵浦时,光子对的退化光谱以 811 nm 为中心,带宽为 117 nm。测得的片上光源效率为 (2.3 ± 0.5) × 1011 pairs/s/mW,与电信波长的光源效率相当,也比基于体晶体或扩散波导技术的其他可见光光源效率高几个数量级。通过使用单频激光对器件进行泵浦,还可以进一步提高亮度和效率,这也会缩小光对带宽。这些结果代表了迄今所报道的在纳米光子波导中产生的光子对的最短波长,将近八度。
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引用次数: 0
Time-delayed single satellite quantum repeater node for global quantum communications 用于全球量子通信的延时单卫星量子中继节点
Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1364/opticaq.517495
Mustafa Gündoǧan, Jasminder S. Sidhu, Markus Krutzik, Daniel K. L. Oi
Global-scale quantum networking faces significant technical and scientific obstacles. Quantum repeaters (QRs) have been proposed to overcome the inherent direct transmission range limit through optical fiber. However, QRs are typically limited to a total distance of a few thousand kilometers and/or require extensive hardware overhead. Recent proposals suggest that strings of space-borne QRs with on-board quantum memories (QMs) are able to provide global coverage. Here, we propose an alternative to such repeater constellations using a single satellite with two QMs that effectively acts as a time-delayed version of a single QR node. By physically transporting stored qubits, our protocol improves long-distance entanglement distribution with reduced system complexity over previous proposals. We estimate the amount of secure key in the finite block regime and demonstrate an improvement of at least three orders of magnitude over prior single-satellite methods that rely on a single QM, while simultaneously reducing the necessary memory capacity similarly. We propose an experimental platform to realize this scheme based on rare-earth ion doped crystals with appropriate performance parameters. By exploiting recent advances in quantum memory lifetimes, we are able to significantly reduce system complexity while achieving high key rates, bringing global quantum networking closer to implementation.
全球规模的量子网络面临着巨大的技术和科学障碍。量子中继器(QRs)被提出来克服光纤固有的直接传输距离限制。然而,量子中继器的总距离通常限制在几千公里,并且/或者需要大量的硬件开销。最近的建议表明,带有机载量子存储器(QM)的串联式空间 QR 能够提供全球覆盖。在这里,我们提出了一种替代这种中继器星群的方法,即使用带有两个量子存储器的单颗卫星,有效地充当单个 QR 节点的延时版本。通过物理传输存储的量子比特,我们的协议改进了长距离纠缠分发,同时降低了系统复杂度。我们估算了有限区块体系中的安全密钥量,并证明与之前依赖单个 QM 的单卫星方法相比,我们的方案至少提高了三个数量级,同时还类似地降低了所需的内存容量。我们提出了一个实验平台来实现这一方案,该平台基于具有适当性能参数的稀土离子掺杂晶体。通过利用量子存储器寿命的最新进展,我们能够在实现高密钥率的同时显著降低系统复杂性,从而使全球量子网络更接近实现。
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引用次数: 0
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Optica Quantum
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