Optimization of solvents, electrolytes, and mediators for polyindole-based electrochemical sensors

Surface-engineered conducting polymers (CPs) have enabled technological advances in chemistry and materials science. Heterocyclic conjugated organic molecules, specifically indole and its derivatives, have the potential to be polymerized under electrochemically controlled conditions in different types of compatible solvent media, including self-assembled nanofluids, for several applications. Polymer-based electrode materials are valuable for the detection of various targeted biomolecules and other analytes. This review outlines the evolution of the electropolymerization technique in recent years, along with developments in the field. With advances in nanoscience, several materials have been used to modify CPs for electrochemical sensing. Several biomedical applications and the role of antifouling agents in the properties of several electropolymerized thin films are highlighted.