{"title":"用AdvocateTM for Dogs(吡虫啉、莫西菌素)治疗后,犬心丝虫(密螺旋体二螺旋体)微蚴减少延迟。","authors":"Rosemonde Isabella Power , Jan Šlapeta","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106209","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are currently the only class of drugs available for canine heartworm prevention. Recent reports of <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em> infection occurring in dogs reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ prevention in Queensland, Australia, coupled with the confirmation of ML-resistant isolates in the USA, has led to speculation about the potential emergence of ML-resistance in Australia. In this study, we describe two cases (Dog 1 and 2) of asymptomatic canine heartworm disease in Townsville, Australia, that were reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ heartworm prevention according to the owners’ claims. We aimed to deploy currently available tools to assess the phenotypic and genotypic ML-resistance status of these two dogs. For phenotypic testing, we performed an in-vivo 7-day microfilariae suppression test using a dose of spot-on moxidectin (Advocate™ for Dogs, 100 g/L imidacloprid + 25 g/L moxidectin). This formulation is marketed as Advantage Multi® for Dogs in the USA, which claims a <em>D. immitis</em> microfilaricidal effect. For genetic testing, an Illumina amplicon metabarcoding approach was used to target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with ML-resistance in <em>D. immitis</em> from the USA. Dog 1 and Dog 2 demonstrated <10 % and <40 % reductions in circulating microfilariae seven days after moxidectin treatment, respectively. These phenotypes were not corroborated by genetic SNP testing, as both dogs were classified as susceptible across all examined markers. To streamline testing of <em>D. immitis</em> SNPs, we developed a rhAmp™ SNP qPCR approach for rapidly genotyping suspect cases of ML-resistant infections at the two major loci (L15709_A and L30575). These findings illustrate a phenomenon shown in some heartworm cases outside the USA, whereby infected dogs are failing to see marked reductions in microfilaraemia after ML treatment but possess an ML-susceptible genotype.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 106209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023324001485/pdfft?md5=40589aceac9a510ae9bdfd3d06299305&pid=1-s2.0-S1090023324001485-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Delayed canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) microfilarial reduction following Advocate™ for dogs (imidacloprid, moxidectin) treatment\",\"authors\":\"Rosemonde Isabella Power , Jan Šlapeta\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106209\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are currently the only class of drugs available for canine heartworm prevention. Recent reports of <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em> infection occurring in dogs reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ prevention in Queensland, Australia, coupled with the confirmation of ML-resistant isolates in the USA, has led to speculation about the potential emergence of ML-resistance in Australia. In this study, we describe two cases (Dog 1 and 2) of asymptomatic canine heartworm disease in Townsville, Australia, that were reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ heartworm prevention according to the owners’ claims. We aimed to deploy currently available tools to assess the phenotypic and genotypic ML-resistance status of these two dogs. For phenotypic testing, we performed an in-vivo 7-day microfilariae suppression test using a dose of spot-on moxidectin (Advocate™ for Dogs, 100 g/L imidacloprid + 25 g/L moxidectin). This formulation is marketed as Advantage Multi® for Dogs in the USA, which claims a <em>D. immitis</em> microfilaricidal effect. For genetic testing, an Illumina amplicon metabarcoding approach was used to target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with ML-resistance in <em>D. immitis</em> from the USA. Dog 1 and Dog 2 demonstrated <10 % and <40 % reductions in circulating microfilariae seven days after moxidectin treatment, respectively. These phenotypes were not corroborated by genetic SNP testing, as both dogs were classified as susceptible across all examined markers. To streamline testing of <em>D. immitis</em> SNPs, we developed a rhAmp™ SNP qPCR approach for rapidly genotyping suspect cases of ML-resistant infections at the two major loci (L15709_A and L30575). These findings illustrate a phenomenon shown in some heartworm cases outside the USA, whereby infected dogs are failing to see marked reductions in microfilaraemia after ML treatment but possess an ML-susceptible genotype.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":23505,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Veterinary journal\",\"volume\":\"307 \",\"pages\":\"Article 106209\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-08-02\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023324001485/pdfft?md5=40589aceac9a510ae9bdfd3d06299305&pid=1-s2.0-S1090023324001485-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Veterinary journal\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023324001485\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"VETERINARY SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Veterinary journal","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023324001485","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"VETERINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
大环内酯(ML)抗蠕虫药是目前唯一可用于预防犬心丝虫的药物。最近有报告称,在澳大利亚昆士兰州接受 "严格 "预防的犬只中出现了包虫病感染,美国也证实了对 ML 具有抗药性的分离物,这引发了人们对澳大利亚可能出现 ML 抗药性的猜测。在本研究中,我们描述了澳大利亚汤斯维尔的两例无症状犬心丝虫病病例(犬 1 和犬 2),据报告,这两例病例的犬主声称它们接受了 "严格 "的心丝虫病预防措施。我们的目的是利用现有工具评估这两只狗的表型和基因型 ML 抗药性状况。在表型测试方面,我们使用点滴莫西菌素(AdvocateTM for Dogs, 100g/L imidacloprid + 25g/L moxidectin)进行了为期 7 天的体内微丝蚴抑制测试。该制剂在美国市场上以 Advantage Multi® for Dogs 的名义销售,声称具有杀灭D. immitis微丝蚴的效果。在基因检测方面,采用了 Illumina 扩增子代谢条码方法,以先前与美国伊蚊的 ML 抗性相关的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 为目标。狗 1 和狗 2 显示
Delayed canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) microfilarial reduction following Advocate™ for dogs (imidacloprid, moxidectin) treatment
Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are currently the only class of drugs available for canine heartworm prevention. Recent reports of Dirofilaria immitis infection occurring in dogs reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ prevention in Queensland, Australia, coupled with the confirmation of ML-resistant isolates in the USA, has led to speculation about the potential emergence of ML-resistance in Australia. In this study, we describe two cases (Dog 1 and 2) of asymptomatic canine heartworm disease in Townsville, Australia, that were reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ heartworm prevention according to the owners’ claims. We aimed to deploy currently available tools to assess the phenotypic and genotypic ML-resistance status of these two dogs. For phenotypic testing, we performed an in-vivo 7-day microfilariae suppression test using a dose of spot-on moxidectin (Advocate™ for Dogs, 100 g/L imidacloprid + 25 g/L moxidectin). This formulation is marketed as Advantage Multi® for Dogs in the USA, which claims a D. immitis microfilaricidal effect. For genetic testing, an Illumina amplicon metabarcoding approach was used to target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with ML-resistance in D. immitis from the USA. Dog 1 and Dog 2 demonstrated <10 % and <40 % reductions in circulating microfilariae seven days after moxidectin treatment, respectively. These phenotypes were not corroborated by genetic SNP testing, as both dogs were classified as susceptible across all examined markers. To streamline testing of D. immitis SNPs, we developed a rhAmp™ SNP qPCR approach for rapidly genotyping suspect cases of ML-resistant infections at the two major loci (L15709_A and L30575). These findings illustrate a phenomenon shown in some heartworm cases outside the USA, whereby infected dogs are failing to see marked reductions in microfilaraemia after ML treatment but possess an ML-susceptible genotype.
期刊介绍:
The Veterinary Journal (established 1875) publishes worldwide contributions on all aspects of veterinary science and its related subjects. It provides regular book reviews and a short communications section. The journal regularly commissions topical reviews and commentaries on features of major importance. Research areas include infectious diseases, applied biochemistry, parasitology, endocrinology, microbiology, immunology, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, molecular biology, immunogenetics, surgery, ophthalmology, dermatology and oncology.