Association Between Adverse Early Life Factors and Telomere Length in Middle and Late Life

Telomere length (TL) has been acknowledged as biomarker of biological aging. Numerous investigations have examined associations between individual early life factors and leukocyte TL; however, the findings were far from consistent. We evaluated the relationship between individual and combined early life factors and leukocytes TL in middle and late life using data from the UK Biobank. The early life factors (e.g., maternal smoking, breastfeeding, birth weight, and comparative body size and height to peers at age 10) were measured. The regression coefficients (β) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the link of the early life factors and TL in adulthood. Flexible parametric survival models incorporated age to calculate the relationship between early life factors and life expectancy. Exposure to maternal smoking, lack of breastfeeding, low birth weight, and shorter height compared to peers at age 10 were identified to be associated with shorter TL in middle and older age according to the large population-based study with 197,504 participants. Individuals who experienced more than three adverse early life factors had the shortest TL in middle and late life (β = −0.053; 95% CI, −0.069 to −0.038; p < 0.0001), as well as an average of 0.54 years of life loss at the age of 45 and 0.49 years of life loss at the age of 60, compared to those who were not exposed to any early life risk factors. Early life factors including maternal smoking, non-breastfed, low birth weight, and shorter height compared to peers at age 10 were associated with shorter TL in later life. In addition, an increased number of the aforementioned factors was associated with a greater likelihood of shorter TL in adulthood, as well as a reduced life expectancy.