Evaluating Selenium's Therapeutic Benefits for Preeclampsia: A Comprehensive Review

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multifaceted condition that affects multiple systems throughout pregnancy, with oxidative stress (OS) playing a significant role in its development. Selenium (Se) is a crucial micronutrient that plays a vital role in human health. The involvement of Se in the production of natural antioxidants is extensively documented, and a notable decrease in Se levels has been observed in women with PE. The significance of Se as a vital trace element is connected to its function as selenocysteine in several selenoproteins, such as antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Pxs), thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), and selenoprotein P (SePP). These enzymes provide protection to tissues against the harmful impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other naturally occurring byproducts of cellular metabolism that are involved in DNA damage and have the potential to cause mutations, cell death, and the development of cancer. Insufficient levels of Se in the body and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes during pregnancy lead to oxidative stress in tissues, which increases the risk of premature birth, miscarriage, preeclampsia, and intrauterine development retardation. Due to the strong reliance of placenta growth on oxygen levels, unregulated production of ROS is likely to be harmful. Notwithstanding these discoveries, the significance of Se and Se-dependent enzymes in pregnancy is still a subject of debate. The purpose of this review is to investigate the relationship between selenium (Se) levels during pregnancy and negative consequences. The effects associated with reduced antioxidant activity and elevated oxidative stress will be emphasized. Keywords: Selenium, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy, Oxidative Stress