Deep learning-assisted diagnosis of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors based on automatic segmentation of ultrasound images: a multicenter retrospective study

To construct deep learning-assisted diagnosis models based on automatic segmentation of ultrasound images to facilitate radiologists in differentiating benign and malignant parotid tumors.A total of 582 patients histopathologically diagnosed with PGTs were retrospectively recruited from 4 centers, and their data were collected for analysis. The radiomics features of six deep learning models (ResNet18, Inception_v3 etc) were analyzed based on the ultrasound images that were obtained under the best automatic segmentation model (Deeplabv3, UNet++, and UNet). The performance of three physicians was compared when the optimal model was used and not. The Net Reclassification Index (NRI) and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) were utilized to evaluate the clinical benefit of the optimal model.The Deeplabv3 model performed optimally in terms of automatic segmentation. The ResNet18 deep learning model had the best prediction performance, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.808 (0.694−0.923), 0.809 (0.712−0.906), and 0.812 (0.680−0.944) in the internal test set and external test sets 1 and 2, respectively. Meanwhile, the optimal model-assisted clinical and overall benefits were markedly enhanced for two out of three radiologists (in internal validation set, NRI: 0.259 and 0.213 [p = 0.002 and 0.017], IDI: 0.284 and 0.201 [p = 0.005 and 0.043], respectively; in external test set 1, NRI: 0.183 and 0.161 [p = 0.019 and 0.008], IDI: 0.205 and 0.184 [p = 0.031 and 0.045], respectively; in external test set 2, NRI: 0.297 and 0.297 [p = 0.038 and 0.047], IDI: 0.332 and 0.294 [p = 0.031 and 0.041], respectively).The deep learning model constructed for automatic segmentation of ultrasound images can improve the diagnostic performance of radiologists for PGTs.