Distribution of lobster larvae, Homarus americanus, and zooplankton prey in the gulf of maine and georges bank stock area

The American lobster, Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 supports a valuable fishery subject to rapid warming of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and Georges Bank (GBK). Comprehensive information related to large-scale larval distribution is lacking due to the logistical challenge of sampling their hyper-dispersed larvae. In 2021, we established seasonal abundance patterns of larvae and their prey in the GOM on an unprecedented spatial scale with a season-long survey at transects spanning approximately 300 km of coastline. We compared the current distribution of larvae with historical surveys with respect to differences between inshore and offshore (5 versus 40 km), and between eastern and western hydrographic regions. We also examined spatial and temporal patterns in the abundance of zooplankton prey. The distribution of recently hatched stage I larvae extended offshore at the transect off Rye, NH and was consistent with the reported movement of ovigerous lobsters offshore to hatch their eggs. By contrast, stage I larvae were most abundant nearshore and rare offshore at other transects along the coast. Our results confirmed historical patterns of high abundance of competent stage IV larvae in the western Gulf of Maine and low abundance in the east. We also identified the potential for a temporal mismatch between the abundance of larvae and the biovolume of copepods at transects in Milbridge, ME and Rye, NH with peak copepod abundance occurring either well before or after the peak abundance of lobster larvae. The data collected fill a gap in our understanding of larval distributions and seasonal progression in the Gulf of Maine, establish a baseline for future studies, and provide an opportunity to validate established biophysical models of larval transport. Yet a longer time series of broad-scale surveys is needed to better understand intricacies of factors influencing larval abundance and distribution. The project was an industry-led collaboration with government and academic scientists providing proof of concept for future collaborative research.