The concepts of tactics and strategies are often unclear and inconsistent in the literature and difficult to implement empirically in the context of small-scale fisheries. Here, we adopt specific formulations from the literature and apply them to a comprehensive analysis of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex fisheries in Brazil. Using data from 12,804 fishing trips recorded in 2009 across ten traditional villages, we employed multiple correspondence analysis to identify 96 tactics—combinations of gear type, target species, and fishing location—and how they are integrated into fishing strategies. Despite operating within a shared environment and having access to similar fishing grounds, each village adopted a unique set of tactics and developed distinct strategies. Use of space was segregated, with each village concentrating its activity in the closest spatial sector. Temporally, all villages combined a "backdrop" of frequent, year-round tactics with exclusive, more rewarding, seasonal tactics. Economic factors played an important role in shaping these strategies. Fishers achieved a portfolio effect by combining a generalist logic encompassing many high-frequency, lower-revenue, lower-cost, and lower-risk practices with a specialist logic of fewer, higher-cost, higher-reward practices. These results support the hypothesis that fishing strategies segregated by groups of fishermen coexist in a complex, diverse socio-ecological system. To be effective and inclusive, as well as to better meet the needs and contexts of traditional small-scale fishing communities, both fisheries research and management must recognize this diversity of tactics and strategies, as well as the importance of fishers’ adaptive behaviors.
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