{"title":"用于高增益波束赋形的亚千赫共形透镜集成 WR3.4 天线","authors":"Akanksha Bhutani;Joel Dittmer;Luca Valenziano;Thomas Zwick","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a \n<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 \\times 32$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\n array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a \n<inline-formula> <tex-math>$\\mathrm {125~\\mu \\text { m} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\n thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of \n<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {\\mathrm {65~\\text {m}\\text {m} }} \\times {\\mathrm {30~\\text {m}\\text {m} }} \\times {\\mathrm {32.35~\\text {m}\\text {m} }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\n. It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1306-1319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552815","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Sub-THz Conformal Lens Integrated WR3.4 Antenna for High-Gain Beam-Steering\",\"authors\":\"Akanksha Bhutani;Joel Dittmer;Luca Valenziano;Thomas Zwick\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a \\n<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 \\\\times 32$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\\n array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a \\n<inline-formula> <tex-math>$\\\\mathrm {125~\\\\mu \\\\text { m} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\\n thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of \\n<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {\\\\mathrm {65~\\\\text {m}\\\\text {m} }} \\\\times {\\\\mathrm {30~\\\\text {m}\\\\text {m} }} \\\\times {\\\\mathrm {32.35~\\\\text {m}\\\\text {m} }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\\n. It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.\",\"PeriodicalId\":34267,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation\",\"volume\":\"5 5\",\"pages\":\"1306-1319\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-06-11\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552815\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10552815/\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10552815/","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
Sub-THz Conformal Lens Integrated WR3.4 Antenna for High-Gain Beam-Steering
This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a
$2 \times 32$
array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a
$\mathrm {125~\mu \text { m} }$
thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of
$ {\mathrm {65~\text {m}\text {m} }} \times {\mathrm {30~\text {m}\text {m} }} \times {\mathrm {32.35~\text {m}\text {m} }}$
. It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.