Exploring biodegradable polymer composites for sustainable packaging: a review on properties, manufacturing techniques, and environmental impacts

Biodegradable polymer composites (BPCs) emerge as a promising solution to the escalating plastics pollution crisis. This review comprehensively analyzes their multifaceted properties, including mechanical strength, gas barrier function, and biodegradation rates, emphasizing their potential for tailored applications in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical packaging. By delving into the optimization of BPC characteristics, we illustrate how these materials can enhance product integrity and extend shelf life, crucial for maintaining the quality and safety of packaged goods. Scalable and cost-effective manufacturing techniques are critically examined, aiming to bridge the gap toward commercial viability and widespread adoption of BPCs. Beyond biodegradability, the adherence to stringent environmental standards is emphasized, promoting a circular economy within packaging through material recovery and reintegration processes. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies are incorporated to provide a holistic environmental perspective, evaluating the overall impact of BPCs from production to disposal. Industry perspectives are integrated to assess the economic feasibility of BPC adoption across diverse sectors, analyzing potential cost benefits and challenges in integrating BPCs into existing production lines. Finally, the evolving regulatory landscape surrounding BPCs is addressed, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for their widespread adoption. This comprehensive analysis serves as a valuable resource for industry and academia, advocating for BPCs as a crucial step toward a sustainable future for packaging, combining environmental responsibility with practical application.

Graphical abstract