现有和新兴 mRNA 疫苗及其环境影响:跨学科评估

IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Environmental Sciences Europe Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI:10.1186/s12302-024-00966-x
Siguna Mueller
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引用次数: 0

摘要

mRNA 疫苗在 COVID-19 大流行中发挥了巨大作用,目前正在开发用于许多其他人类和动物的疫苗。然而,它们对环境的潜在影响却缺乏审查和监管。2020 年 7 月 14 日,欧盟决定暂时将 COVID-19 疫苗的临床试验排除在事先环境风险评估之外。尽管已经注射了数十亿剂疫苗,大规模农业和野生动物 RNA 应用也在快速推进,但人们对疫苗衍生材料的扩散或浪费对环境的影响却一无所知。本文针对这一知识空白,对以下方面进行了批判性评估:(1) 这些产品的药代动力学特性;(2) 它们对人类微生物群的影响;(3) 人类肠道细菌大肠杆菌导致野生动物肠道病原体进化的新风险因素;(4) mRNA-LNP 平台的研究结果,这些结果表明细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是上佳的载体;(5) 外源调控 RNA 的潜力。这项分析首次推断出:(a) FDA 于 2015 年对通过转录和/或翻译转移的遗传物质或相关过程促进其作用的产品所定性的环境风险程度和可能性;(b) 外源短 RNA 水平转移所带来的额外风险。本文提供的论据确立了疫苗衍生的生物活性物质通过 EV、受影响的微生物群和其他暴露生物体散播以促进病原体进化、生物功能的跨物种转移并造成广泛的生态系统紊乱的合理性。越来越多的证据表明,疫苗衍生分子在被摄入后可在消化过程中存活下来,并介导食用动物的基因表达调控、宿主-寄生虫防御、免疫和其他反应。本文提供的全面评估强调了更多尚未解决的问题,呼吁进行公开对话和更深入的研究,以便清楚地了解欧盟和全球的情况,从而最有效地衡量现有和新出现的人类、牲畜和野生动物 mRNA 技术对环境的影响,或其作为生物武器或其他形式滥用的潜力。迫切需要采取监管措施,以减轻对公众和生态系统健康可能造成的大规模损害,以及对社会、经济和法律的不利影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

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Existing and emerging mRNA vaccines and their environmental impact: a transdisciplinary assessment

mRNA vaccines have played a massive role during the COVID-19 pandemic and are now being developed for numerous other human and animal applications. Nevertheless, their potential ramifications on the environment lack scrutiny and regulation. On 14 July 2020, the EU decided to temporarily exclude the clinical trials with COVID-19 vaccines from prior environmental risk assessment. Even though billions of doses have been administered and large-scale agricultural and wildlife RNA applications are fast-tracked, there is no knowledge of their environmental impact via the dispersion of vaccine-derived material or their wastage. This knowledge gap is targeted here via a critical assessment of (1) the pharmacokinetic properties of these products; (2) their impact on the human microbiota; (3) novel risk factors exemplified by the human gut bacterium Escherichia coli resulting in pathogen evolution in the guts of wild animals, (4) findings on mRNA-LNP platforms that implicate extracellular vesicles (EVs) as superior carriers, and (5) potentials of exogenous regulatory RNAs. This analysis results in the first extrapolation of (a) the magnitude and likelihood of environmental risk as characterized by the FDA in 2015 for products that facilitate their action by transcription and/or translation of transferred genetic material or related processes, and (b) additional risks facilitated by the horizontal transfer of exogenous short RNAs. The arguments provided here establish the rationale for vaccine-derived bioactive material dispersed by EVs, impacted microbiota, and other exposed organisms to foster pathogen evolution, cross-species transfer of biological function, and driving widespread ecosystem disturbances. Evidence is emerging that vaccine-derived molecules, when ingested, could survive digestion and mediate gene expression regulation, host–parasite defense, immunity, and other responses in the consuming animals. Highlighting further unresolved questions, the comprehensive assessment provided here calls for open dialogue and more in-depth studies to get a clear picture in the EU and globally to most effectively gauge the environmental impact of existing and emerging human, livestock, and wildlife mRNA technologies or their potential as biological weapons or for other forms of misuse. Regulatory measures are urgently needed to mitigate potentially large-scale damage to public and ecosystem health as well as adverse societal, economic, and legal implications.

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来源期刊
Environmental Sciences Europe
Environmental Sciences Europe Environmental Science-Pollution
CiteScore
11.20
自引率
1.70%
发文量
110
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation. ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation. ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation. Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues. Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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