Generalized analytical description of relativistic strong-field ionization

A relativistic analytical theory of strong-field ionization applicable across the regimes of deep tunneling up to over-the-barrier ionization (OTBI) is developed, accounting also for the bound-state polarization and the Stark shift beyond perturbation theory. The latter improvement with respect to the state-of-the-art quasiclassical theory of Perelomov-Popov-Terent'ev (PPT) for strong-field ionization is essential to describe analytically the ionization in the OTBI regime and to resolve the order-of-magnitude discrepancy of the ionization yield in the relativistic regime with respect to PPT theory that has remained unexplained since the numerical result using the Klein-Gordon equation of Hafizi et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 133201 (2017)]. The predictions of the present relativistic model, in deviation to PPT theory, are shown to be observable using ultrashort laser pulses of relativistic intensities.