Predictive digital twin for wind energy systems: a literature review

In recent years, there has been growing interest in digital twin technology in both industry and academia. This versatile technology has found applications across various industries. Wind energy systems are particularly suitable for digital twin platforms due to the integration of multiple subsystems. This study aims to explore the current state of predictive digital twin platforms for wind energy systems by surveying literature from the past five years, identifying challenges and limitations, and addressing future research opportunities. This review is structured around four main research questions. It examines commonly employed methodologies, including physics-based modeling, data-driven approaches, and hybrid modeling. Additionally, it explores the integration of data from various sources such as IoT sensors, historical databases, and external application programming interfaces. The review also delves into key features and technologies behind real-time systems, including communication networks, edge computing, and cloud computing. Finally, it addresses current challenges in predictive digital twin platforms. Addressing these research questions enables the development of hybrid modeling strategies with data fusion algorithms, which allow for interpretable predictive digital twin platforms in real time. Filter methods with dimensionality reduction algorithms minimize the computational resource demand in real-time operating algorithms. Moreover, advancements in high-bandwidth communication networks facilitate efficient data transmission between physical assets and digital twins with reduced latency.