Recent progress and prospects of two-dimensional materials for electromagnetic interference shielding

The rapid increase in electronic device usage has intensified electromagnetic interference (EMI), necessitating the development of shielding materials that are flexible, lightweight, cost-effective, and highly efficient. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation EMI shielding solutions due to their unique properties, such as low weight, mechanical flexibility, and affordability. This review explores the origins of electromagnetic responses and the shielding mechanisms, emphasizing photon-matter interactions. We also examine the instruments, methods, and standards for measuring shielding effectiveness, along with the underlying formulas for shielding efficiency (SE) calculation. Recent advancements in 2D materials for EMI shielding are analyzed, comparing their performance across various frequency ranges to other composites. In addition, the challenges ahead and their prospects are highlighted. We provide insight into forthcoming challenges in finding solutions for the next generation of shielding applications. The findings of this review provide valuable insights into the development of novel materials for EMI shielding and can guide future research in this field.