Evaluation of Baseline Data From a Wellness Intervention for Individuals Living in Transitional Housing

Background

Research has indicated a correlation between homelessness and adverse health effects, yet comprehensive health assessments among individuals experiencing homelessness are limited.

Objective

To assess various health metrics, including diet, physical activity, body composition, and quality of life, among individuals experiencing homelessness.

Study Design, Settings, Participants

This study was an 8-week health and wellness pilot intervention among transitional housing residents at a homeless resource center (n=29). For the present analysis, only the baseline data were included.

Measurable Outcome/Analysis

Baseline measurements encompassed body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, body composition (body fat percentage, fat free mass, fat mass), handgrip strength, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, heart rate, diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015), and health-related quality of life. Qualitative survey data were coded independently by researchers to identify barriers, data were reconciled, and themes identified.

Results

Most participants were male (59.3%), aged 55-64 (25.9%), White (85.2%), and food insecure (70.3%). Baseline measurements exceeded recommendations for BMI (31.7 (SD 8.6) kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio (0.97 (SD 0.093) males; 0.92 (SD 0.98) females), body fat percentage (25.8% (SD 6.1) males; 40.5% (SD 9.4) females), and blood pressure (132/85 (SD 17.9/13.3) mmHg), while handgrip strength was lower than previous studies (68.4 (SD 21.4) kg). However, blood oxygenation (96.2% (SD 2.0)) and resting heart rate (86.8 bpm (SD 13.0)) were within normal ranges. Participants consumed insufficient fiber (12.1 (SD 8.9) grams), potassium (2138.3 (SD 1401.7) mg), and vitamin D (3.9 (SD 3.9) mcg), and had lower total Healthy Eating Index score when compared to the US population (40 out of 100). Their general health score was within a normal range (52.9 (SD 29.8). Participants averaged 10552 steps per day according to accelerometer data. Barriers to healthy eating, exercise, and sleep were respectively financial constraints and limited cooking/storage facilities; physical impediments; and mental/physical health concerns.

Conclusions

Findings suggested that homeless individuals face poorer health outcomes compared to standards/recommendations, emphasizing the necessity for further wellness interventions in this population.

Funding

Association for Utah Community Health