Ultrasound neuromodulation: planning and validating treatments

Significant strides have been made in the translation of ultrasound neuromodulation for use in humans. These advancements have been pivotal in overcoming the challenges associated with delivering ultrasound to the brain through the skull. This undertaking has necessitated the development of specialized hardware, the integration of precise image guidance systems, and extensive research to improve methods to best plan and enact transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) therapy. To validate and optimize transcranial FUS procedures, various methods have been devised to transmit, simulate, and measure ultrasound pressure fields. Here, we cover the latest breakthroughs in transcranial FUS technology, with a particular focus on the efforts undertaken to plan and validate therapeutic interventions, ensuring their safety and efficacy across a diverse range of subjects.