Influence of shifting thermal regimes on tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in the Eastern Himalaya: implications for pest management strategies

Climate change, particularly temperature fluctuations, profoundly impacts pest populations. This study focuses on the tomato, a crucial commercial crop in the Eastern Himalayan Region of India. The study examined the impact of varying thermal regimes on tomato fruit borers. Field experiments were conducted at three locations, with altitudes ranging from < 500 to > 1500 m. At lower altitudes, fruit borer incidence commenced earlier (5^th − 18^th March) and peaked higher (1.47 ± 0.34 to 1.73 ± 0.37 larvae/plant), causing more damage (26–29%) as compared to the highest location (~ 9%). The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis indicated that maximum temperature had significant positive impacts on the H. armigera incidence and fruit damage. Climatic datasets indicate an increase in the temperature of the region during the tomato growing season, thereby increasing the risk of fruit borer impact. As an adaptation option, we evaluated eight different tomato varieties/genotypes and studied biochemical parameters to understand their tolerance. Results showed a strong positive association of fruit borer incidence with total soluble solids whereas negative association with acidity. Cherry tomato (7.62%) and MT-2 (10.04%) had relatively lower fruit damage; MT-3 (50.92 t/ha) and MT-2 (50.57 t/ha) consistently yielded the highest across all locations. Hence, the selection of appropriate genotypes and the development of varieties with suitable characteristics hold the key to fruit borer management. This insight is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices in the region.