纳米疫苗:免疫性肿瘤抗原、靶向递送和联合疗法,以增强癌症免疫疗法。

IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Drug Development Research Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI:10.1002/ddr.22244
Zohreh Jahanafrooz, Fatemeh Oroojalian, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh, Abbas Rahdar, Ana M. Díez-Pascual
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引用次数: 0

摘要

纳米疫苗的设计旨在克服传统疫苗的局限性。有效的递送方法,如工程载体或智能纳米颗粒(NPs),是诱导自身耐受性和优化疫苗免疫原性并将副作用降到最低的关键条件。NPs 可用作佐剂、免疫原或纳米载体,用于开发高效递送抗原的纳米疫苗。携带多种肿瘤抗原和免疫刺激剂的多载体纳米疫苗可有效提高对肿瘤细胞的免疫力。它们可以通过生物工程设计来增强与树突状细胞的相互作用,并使抗原逐步、持续地释放出来。改变 NPs 表面特性、使用高密度脂蛋白模拟纳米盘、开发基于纳米的人工抗原递呈细胞(如树突状细胞衍生的外泌体)等都是增强抗原递呈和针对肿瘤细胞的免疫反应的新开发技术。本综述概述了当前癌症治疗和疫苗接种方案成功临床应用的不同视角、改进和障碍。本综述介绍了不同类型的纳米疫苗及其结构中的纳米颗粒的免疫调节作用。讨论了使用纳米疫苗预防和治疗艾滋病、疟疾、癌症和肺结核等常见疾病的优势。此外,还介绍了开发最佳癌症疫苗的潜在途径。鉴于癌细胞和肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制特性,有必要将免疫调节剂和免疫检查点抑制剂与其他常规抗癌疗法结合使用,以提高免疫反应的有效性。
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Nanovaccines: Immunogenic tumor antigens, targeted delivery, and combination therapy to enhance cancer immunotherapy

Nanovaccines have been designed to overcome the limitations associated with conventional vaccines. Effective delivery methods such as engineered carriers or smart nanoparticles (NPs) are critical requisites for inducing self-tolerance and optimizing vaccine immunogenicity with minimum side effects. NPs can be used as adjuvants, immunogens, or nanocarriers to develop nanovaccines for efficient antigen delivery. Multiloaded nanovaccines carrying multiple tumor antigens along with immunostimulants can effectively increase immunity against tumor cells. They can be biologically engineered to boost interactions with dendritic cells and to allow a gradual and constant antigen release. Modifying NPs surface properties, using high-density lipoprotein-mimicking nanodiscs, and developing nano-based artificial antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cell-derived-exosomes are amongst the new developed technologies to enhance antigen-presentation and immune reactions against tumor cells. The present review provides an overview on the different perspectives, improvements, and barriers of successful clinical application of current cancer therapeutic and vaccination options. The immunomodulatory effects of different types of nanovaccines and the nanoparticles incorporated into their structure are described. The advantages of using nanovaccines to prevent and treat common illnesses such as AIDS, malaria, cancer and tuberculosis are discussed. Further, potential paths to develop optimal cancer vaccines are described. Given the immunosuppressive characteristics of both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, applying immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other conventional anticancer therapies are necessary to boost the effectiveness of the immune response.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
6.40
自引率
2.60%
发文量
104
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Drug Development Research focuses on research topics related to the discovery and development of new therapeutic entities. The journal publishes original research articles on medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals, toxicology, and drug delivery, formulation, and pharmacokinetics. The journal welcomes manuscripts on new compounds and technologies in all areas focused on human therapeutics, as well as global management, health care policy, and regulatory issues involving the drug discovery and development process. In addition to full-length articles, Drug Development Research publishes Brief Reports on important and timely new research findings, as well as in-depth review articles. The journal also features periodic special thematic issues devoted to specific compound classes, new technologies, and broad aspects of drug discovery and development.
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