基于生物质焦油的粘合剂技术记录了非洲中石器时代的工程能力

IF 3.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Journal of Human Evolution Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103578
Patrick Schmidt , Armelle Charrié-Duhaut , Edmund February , Lyn Wadley
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引用次数: 0

摘要

南部非洲中石器时代的觅食者是最早根据自身需要改造环境和资源的人类之一。他们对石头进行热处理以改变其机械性能,将黄色颜料转化为红色颜料,并从植物中提取可成型的粘合物质。到目前为止,只有荚果针叶树被确认为中石器时代粘合剂的植物起源。这很奇怪,因为这些针叶树不会产生可被视为潜在粘合剂的粘性渗出物。要获得粘合剂,焦油必须用火烧的技术工艺制作。然而,这些技术过程的性质一直不为人知,妨碍了我们了解这种粘合剂技术对早期智人文化进化的意义。在这里,我们首次展示了中石器时代焦油制造技术的证据。我们创建了一个实验参考集合,其中包含天然粘合剂和中石器时代可用植物制成的焦油,并使用气相色谱-质谱法和红外光谱法将其与人工制品进行了比较。我们发现,在锡布杜洞穴的豪森波尔特,焦油是通过冷凝法制造的,这是一种高效的地面工艺。更令人惊讶的是,冷凝法并不局限于波多卡普斯。锡布杜居民还用其他植物的叶子制造焦油。这些焦油要么未经进一步加工就被使用,要么被加工成以赭石为基础的复合粘合剂,这表明人们需要具有不同机械性能的可塑物质。这对我们了解中石器时代的智人具有重要意义,它将智人描绘成熟练的工程师,以知识渊博的方式使用和改造他们的资源。
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Adhesive technology based on biomass tar documents engineering capabilities in the African Middle Stone Age

The foragers of the southern African Middle Stone Age were among the first humans to adapt their environment and its resources to their needs. They heat-treated stone to alter its mechanical properties, transformed yellow colorants into red pigments and produced moldable adhesive substances from plants. Until now, only Podocarpus conifers have been identified as the botanical origin of Middle Stone Age adhesives. This is curious as these conifers do not produce sticky exudations that could be recognized as potential adhesives. To obtain an adhesive, tar must be made with a technical process based on fire. However, the nature of these technical processes has remained unknown, hampering our understanding of the meaning of this adhesive technology for the cultural evolution of early Homo sapiens. Here, we present the first evidence of a technique used for tar making in the Middle Stone Age. We created an experimental reference collection containing naturally available adhesives along manufactured tars from plants available in the Middle Stone Age and compared these to artifacts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. We found that, in the Howiesons Poort at Sibhudu Cave, tar was made by condensation, an efficient above-ground process. Even more surprisingly, the condensation method was not restricted to Podocarpus. The inhabitants of Sibhudu also produced tar from the leaves of other plants. These tars were then used, either without further transformation or were processed into ochre-based compound adhesives, suggesting that people needed different moldable substances with distinct mechanical properties. This has important implications for our understanding of Middle Stone Age H. sapiens, portraying them as skilled engineers who used and transformed their resources in a knowledgeable way.

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来源期刊
Journal of Human Evolution
Journal of Human Evolution 生物-进化生物学
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
15.60%
发文量
104
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Human Evolution concentrates on publishing the highest quality papers covering all aspects of human evolution. The central focus is aimed jointly at paleoanthropological work, covering human and primate fossils, and at comparative studies of living species, including both morphological and molecular evidence. These include descriptions of new discoveries, interpretative analyses of new and previously described material, and assessments of the phylogeny and paleobiology of primate species. Submissions should address issues and questions of broad interest in paleoanthropology.
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