Journal of Human Evolution最新文献

A three-dimensional geometric morphometric study of Miocene ape lumbar vertebrae, with implications for hominoid locomotor evolution

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103650

Scott A. Williams , Xue Wang , Monica V. Avilez , Lillian Fok , Maria V. Giraldo , Jeffrey K. Spear , Thomas C. Prang

Miocene apes represent snapshots in time of key transitions in hominoid evolution. While all extant apes are adapted to orthograde posture and suspensory behavior, many Miocene apes demonstrate evidence for pronogrady and habitual arboreal quadrupedalism or present ‘mosaic’ morphologies suggestive of locomotion and posture unlike any extant catarrhine. Here, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to study penultimate lumbar vertebrae of extant anthropoids and those of three well-preserved Miocene apes: Ekembo nyanzae (KNM-MW 13142), Morotopithecus bishopi (UMP 67-28), and Pierolapithecus catalaunicus (IPS 21350-64), which have been interpreted as a pronograde arboreal quadruped, an orthograde suspensory or vertical climbing ape, and an orthograde vertical climber that was not adapted to suspensory behavior, respectively. Our results show that E. nyanzae shares three-dimensional shape space with terrestrial papionins, whereas M. bishopi and P. catalaunicus fall within overlapping morphospace shared by Ateles and hylobatids. Morotopithecus bishopi and P. catalaunicus share with hylobatids and brachiating atelids (Ateles and Brachyteles) well-established features such as dorsal lumbar transverse (costal) processes and a newly identified feature in this study, the presence of a convex pillar along the pars interarticularis that forms the lateral borders of the laminae. The latter feature is also shared with E. nyanzae. Together with their large body size estimates, we interpret these results to indicate that E. nyanzae was primarily a pronograde quadruped that may have been semiterrestrial rather than strictly arboreal, while M. bishopi and P. catalaunicus were adapted to both orthogrady and forelimb-dominated climbing and suspension.

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引用次数: 0

Facial morphologies of Middle Pleistocene Europe: Morphological mosaicism and the evolution of Homo neanderthalensis

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103645

Siri Topsø Olsen , Suzanna White

The phylogeny of the Middle Pleistocene hominins is a matter of intense scientific debate. Important phylogenetic and taxonomic uncertainties remain, not least due to conflicting results of phylogenetic analyses when methodologies or morphological focus differ. Geography has been proposed to play a key role in Middle Pleistocene hominin diversity, with a European group potentially ancestral to Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and an African group possibly ancestral to Homo sapiens, but the evidence is equivocal. In this study, we explore the connection between geography and facial morphology in Middle Pleistocene hominins with a particular emphasis on the potential Neanderthal affinities of the European group. Furthermore, to assess the impact of methodology on the results, we use a multimethod approach in which morphological affinities in both facial shape and discrete facial traits are assessed on a dataset consisting of 38 fossil and 20 recent hominin skulls divided into five groups (European and non-European Middle Pleistocene hominins, H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and Homo erectus/Homo ergaster). Two main conclusions emerge from these analyses. First, methodological approach has a marked impact on the recorded pattern of morphological affinity, which may explain result discrepancies among previous studies. Second, this disparity may be caused by morphological mosaicism and polymorphism in the facial region of Middle Pleistocene hominins. The results provide some support for a closer connection between European Middle Pleistocene hominins and Neanderthals in terms of discrete facial traits, but not in overall facial shape, raising questions about the process of evolution of the Neanderthal facial phenotype. As a consequence of these results, we argue that greater attention needs to be paid to clarifying the broader evolutionary processes guiding hominin evolution during this period.

{"title":"Facial morphologies of Middle Pleistocene Europe: Morphological mosaicism and the evolution of Homo neanderthalensis","authors":"Siri Topsø Olsen , Suzanna White","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phylogeny of the Middle Pleistocene hominins is a matter of intense scientific debate. Important phylogenetic and taxonomic uncertainties remain, not least due to conflicting results of phylogenetic analyses when methodologies or morphological focus differ. Geography has been proposed to play a key role in Middle Pleistocene hominin diversity, with a European group potentially ancestral to Neanderthals (<em>Homo neanderthalensis</em>) and an African group possibly ancestral to <em>Homo sapiens</em>, but the evidence is equivocal. In this study, we explore the connection between geography and facial morphology in Middle Pleistocene hominins with a particular emphasis on the potential Neanderthal affinities of the European group. Furthermore, to assess the impact of methodology on the results, we use a multimethod approach in which morphological affinities in both facial shape and discrete facial traits are assessed on a dataset consisting of 38 fossil and 20 recent hominin skulls divided into five groups (European and non-European Middle Pleistocene hominins, <em>H</em>. <em>sapiens</em>, <em>H</em>. <em>neanderthalensis</em>, and <em>Homo erectus/Homo ergaster</em>). Two main conclusions emerge from these analyses. First, methodological approach has a marked impact on the recorded pattern of morphological affinity, which may explain result discrepancies among previous studies. Second, this disparity may be caused by morphological mosaicism and polymorphism in the facial region of Middle Pleistocene hominins. The results provide some support for a closer connection between European Middle Pleistocene hominins and Neanderthals in terms of discrete facial traits, but not in overall facial shape, raising questions about the process of evolution of the Neanderthal facial phenotype. As a consequence of these results, we argue that greater attention needs to be paid to clarifying the broader evolutionary processes guiding hominin evolution during this period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 103645"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Locomotor adaptation in the hominoid clavicle through ontogeny

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103652

Hannah N. Farrell, Zeresenay Alemseged

Reconstructions of the locomotor behavior of early hominins have been hindered by our incomplete understanding of the form-function relationship in the extant hominoid shoulder. Although extensive research has highlighted the role of the highly mobile shoulder in supporting the locomotor diversity and versatility observed in hominoids, the contribution of the clavicle and its morphological diversity to shoulder function remains significantly underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the cross-sectional geometry of the ape clavicle using a large ontogenetic sample to identify new osteological signals related to locomotor adaptation in the shoulder. We assessed the interspecific and intraspecific differences in cortical bone distribution, with ratios of cortical properties describing the relative eccentricity of the cross section (the ratio of the second moments of area about the maximum [I_MAX] and minimum [I_MIN] principal axes [I_MAX/I_MIN]), the orientation of the anatomical plane that eccentricity is occurring in (the ratio of the second moments of area relative to the craniocaudal [I_X] and dorsoventral [I_Y] axes [I_X/I_Y]), and the relative proportion of cortical bone in each section. Our analyses demonstrate that the hominoid clavicle holds strong signals of locomotor adaptation that can be identified both across taxa and through ontogeny. Gibbons and orangutans have a relatively uniform clavicular cortical geometry throughout life, with gibbon clavicles built to best withstand habitual, unidirectional bending forces and orangutan clavicles remodeled to resist unpredictable, multidirectional loading. Furthermore, we find a clear signal of increased clavicular bending in the same portion of the diaphysis through ontogeny in the cortical geometry of chimpanzees and gorillas, likely reflecting both the shifts toward terrestriality through ontogeny and bending rigidity needed for continued arboreality at a larger body mass. Ultimately, these results are promising for the identification of locomotor adaptation in the shoulder of early hominins, especially Australopithecus, and highlight the key structural role of the clavicle in ape locomotion.

{"title":"Locomotor adaptation in the hominoid clavicle through ontogeny","authors":"Hannah N. Farrell, Zeresenay Alemseged","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconstructions of the locomotor behavior of early hominins have been hindered by our incomplete understanding of the form-function relationship in the extant hominoid shoulder. Although extensive research has highlighted the role of the highly mobile shoulder in supporting the locomotor diversity and versatility observed in hominoids, the contribution of the clavicle and its morphological diversity to shoulder function remains significantly underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the cross-sectional geometry of the ape clavicle using a large ontogenetic sample to identify new osteological signals related to locomotor adaptation in the shoulder. We assessed the interspecific and intraspecific differences in cortical bone distribution, with ratios of cortical properties describing the relative eccentricity of the cross section (the ratio of the second moments of area about the maximum [I<sub>MAX</sub>] and minimum [I<sub>MIN</sub>] principal axes [I<sub>MAX</sub>/I<sub>MIN</sub>]), the orientation of the anatomical plane that eccentricity is occurring in (the ratio of the second moments of area relative to the craniocaudal [I<sub>X</sub>] and dorsoventral [I<sub>Y</sub>] axes [I<sub>X</sub>/I<sub>Y</sub>]), and the relative proportion of cortical bone in each section. Our analyses demonstrate that the hominoid clavicle holds strong signals of locomotor adaptation that can be identified both across taxa and through ontogeny. Gibbons and orangutans have a relatively uniform clavicular cortical geometry throughout life, with gibbon clavicles built to best withstand habitual, unidirectional bending forces and orangutan clavicles remodeled to resist unpredictable, multidirectional loading. Furthermore, we find a clear signal of increased clavicular bending in the same portion of the diaphysis through ontogeny in the cortical geometry of chimpanzees and gorillas, likely reflecting both the shifts toward terrestriality through ontogeny and bending rigidity needed for continued arboreality at a larger body mass. Ultimately, these results are promising for the identification of locomotor adaptation in the shoulder of early hominins, especially <em>Australopithecus</em>, and highlight the key structural role of the clavicle in ape locomotion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 103652"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dental microwear of Neogene cercopithecoids from the Turkana Basin, Kenya

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646

Leah K. Fehringer , Catherine C. Beck , Louise N. Leakey , Patricia Princehouse , John Rowan , Gabrielle A. Russo , Mark F. Teaford , Kevin T. Uno , Peter S. Ungar

Reconstructions of the diets of individual fossil species can help us better understand the adaptive radiations of higher-level primate taxa. Some researchers have posited that folivory was key to the divergence of cercopithecoids from the catarrhine stem, with bilophodonty reflecting an adaptation for leaf consumption. Others have questioned this model, suggesting that dental functional morphology and wear patterns are more consistent with frugivory and perhaps hard-object consumption. Here, we present new microwear texture data (n = 22) that might contribute to the discussion. Specimens were sampled from Buluk (∼17 Ma, Early Miocene, Noropithecus bulukensis) and Lothagam (∼8–4 Ma, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, Parapapio lothagamensis/sp. indet and fossil Colobinae) in the Turkana Basin, Kenya, and compared with a select group of extant taxa. Point clouds were generated from high-resolution replicas of molar teeth using a white light confocal profiler and analyzed using scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Redults of dental microwear texture analyses for both fossil samples align with those off extant grass (Theropithecus) and leaf (Trachypithecus) eaters and differ significantly from those of frugivores/generalists (Macaca, Papio) and hard-object specialists (Cercocebus). While both Noropithecus and Parapapio postdate the divergence of the cercopithecoid clade from other catarrhines, these results are largely consistent with previous work on the dietary ecology of the early papionin Parapapio from Lothagam and the traditional ‘tough-food’ model of leaves/grasses. Some previous Noropithecus dietary reconstructions indicated a diet of harder objects or fruits. Thus, the discrepancy between the microwear results and previous dietary reconstructions for N. bulukensis is unexpected. These results raise hypotheses that may help provide new context and insights into the radiation of this important superfamily of primates.

{"title":"Dental microwear of Neogene cercopithecoids from the Turkana Basin, Kenya","authors":"Leah K. Fehringer , Catherine C. Beck , Louise N. Leakey , Patricia Princehouse , John Rowan , Gabrielle A. Russo , Mark F. Teaford , Kevin T. Uno , Peter S. Ungar","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconstructions of the diets of individual fossil species can help us better understand the adaptive radiations of higher-level primate taxa. Some researchers have posited that folivory was key to the divergence of cercopithecoids from the catarrhine stem, with bilophodonty reflecting an adaptation for leaf consumption. Others have questioned this model, suggesting that dental functional morphology and wear patterns are more consistent with frugivory and perhaps hard-object consumption. Here, we present new microwear texture data (<em>n =</em> 22) that might contribute to the discussion. Specimens were sampled from Buluk (∼17 Ma, Early Miocene, <em>Noropithecus bulukensis</em>) and Lothagam (∼8–4 Ma, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, <em>Parapapio lothagamensis</em>/sp. indet and fossil Colobinae) in the Turkana Basin, Kenya, and compared with a select group of extant taxa. Point clouds were generated from high-resolution replicas of molar teeth using a white light confocal profiler and analyzed using scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Redults of dental microwear texture analyses for both fossil samples align with those off extant grass (<em>Theropithecus</em>) and leaf (<em>Trachypithecus</em>) eaters and differ significantly from those of frugivores/generalists (<em>Macaca, Papio</em>) and hard-object specialists (<em>Cercocebus</em>). While both <em>Noropithecus</em> and <em>Parapapio</em> postdate the divergence of the cercopithecoid clade from other catarrhines, these results are largely consistent with previous work on the dietary ecology of the early papionin <em>Parapapio</em> from Lothagam and the traditional ‘tough-food’ model of leaves/grasses. Some previous <em>Noropithecus</em> dietary reconstructions indicated a diet of harder objects or fruits. Thus, the discrepancy between the microwear results and previous dietary reconstructions for <em>N. bulukensis</em> is unexpected. These results raise hypotheses that may help provide new context and insights into the radiation of this important superfamily of primates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 103646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A reanalysis of the Taung endocranial surface: Comparison with large samples of living hominids

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103637

Shawn Hurst , Ralph Holloway , Heather Garvin , Grace Bocko , Kara Garcia , Zachary Cofran , John Hawks , Lee Berger

Since its discovery, the natural endocast of the Taung cranium has played a central role in the interpretation of human brain evolution. Aspects of the endocast including the identification of the lunate sulcus, possible expansion of the parietal lobe, and rounded profile suggested to R. Dart that the Taung individual was aligned with humans and not with other anthropoid primates, yet these interpretations were immediately controversial and remain so today. We have generated a detailed curvature map of the Taung endocast to evaluate its surface organization with reference to 189 chimpanzee and 20 human brains. These data enable evolutionary consideration of the surface detail of depressions and projections sufficient to mark primary sulci and variations in sulcal organization due to superficial bridges between adjacent gyri. Our results suggest that the lunate sulcus in the Taung endocast displays a gyral bridge between the occipital lobe and the inferior parietal lobule seen in 65% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 1.8% of our chimpanzee ones. The frontal lobe organization of the Taung endocast reflects a superior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 92.8% of our adult human brain hemispheres, but in 0% of our adult chimpanzee sample, and an inferior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 100% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 2.1% of our chimpanzee ones. The Taung inferior frontal gyrus retains a fronto-orbital sulcus which is seen in 0% of our adult human brain hemispheres and in 100% of our adult chimpanzee ones. These observations help to resolve some apparent inconsistencies of interpretation of the posterior endocast of the Taung specimen while showing that the specimen shared some derived aspects of endocast organization with humans that were not found in chimpanzees.

{"title":"A reanalysis of the Taung endocranial surface: Comparison with large samples of living hominids","authors":"Shawn Hurst , Ralph Holloway , Heather Garvin , Grace Bocko , Kara Garcia , Zachary Cofran , John Hawks , Lee Berger","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since its discovery, the natural endocast of the Taung cranium has played a central role in the interpretation of human brain evolution. Aspects of the endocast including the identification of the lunate sulcus, possible expansion of the parietal lobe, and rounded profile suggested to R. Dart that the Taung individual was aligned with humans and not with other anthropoid primates, yet these interpretations were immediately controversial and remain so today. We have generated a detailed curvature map of the Taung endocast to evaluate its surface organization with reference to 189 chimpanzee and 20 human brains. These data enable evolutionary consideration of the surface detail of depressions and projections sufficient to mark primary sulci and variations in sulcal organization due to superficial bridges between adjacent gyri. Our results suggest that the lunate sulcus in the Taung endocast displays a gyral bridge between the occipital lobe and the inferior parietal lobule seen in 65% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 1.8% of our chimpanzee ones. The frontal lobe organization of the Taung endocast reflects a superior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 92.8% of our adult human brain hemispheres, but in 0% of our adult chimpanzee sample, and an inferior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 100% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 2.1% of our chimpanzee ones. The Taung inferior frontal gyrus retains a fronto-orbital sulcus which is seen in 0% of our adult human brain hemispheres and in 100% of our adult chimpanzee ones. These observations help to resolve some apparent inconsistencies of interpretation of the posterior endocast of the Taung specimen while showing that the specimen shared some derived aspects of endocast organization with humans that were not found in chimpanzees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 103637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Paleoenvironments at the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Java, Indonesia): The artiodactyl evidence

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103638

B. Gruwier , K. Kovarovic

In this study, we assess the artiodactyl fossil record of the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Indonesia) and explore the paleoenvironmental implications for the site and for our understanding of early hominin paleoecology. Combining ecomorphological analyses on postcranial elements of cervids from Trinil (n = 43) with a range of existing paleobiological and paleoecological data on the bovids and cervids, a holistic reconstruction is made of the ecology of the artiodactyl community. The ecomorphological analyses indicate that the cervid Axis lydekkeri was adapted to relatively open environments with wet substrate. In combination with evidence of the other families, these results are compared in a correspondence analysis with the artiodactyl communities of contemporary Asian nature reserves. Trinil was shown to be similar to a number of Mainland Southeast Asian sites and reconstructed as an open woodland habitat with a wet component, possibly in the form of alluvial grasslands. The paleoenvironmental conditions reconstructed for Trinil indicate that Homo erectus was present in relatively open environments but that it still had a significant degree of environmental flexibility and was able to persist in wet and dry environments, with a vegetation structure ranging from grassland to open woodland.

{"title":"Paleoenvironments at the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Java, Indonesia): The artiodactyl evidence","authors":"B. Gruwier , K. Kovarovic","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we assess the artiodactyl fossil record of the <em>Homo erectus</em> type locality of Trinil (Indonesia) and explore the paleoenvironmental implications for the site and for our understanding of early hominin paleoecology. Combining ecomorphological analyses on postcranial elements of cervids from Trinil (<em>n</em> = 43) with a range of existing paleobiological and paleoecological data on the bovids and cervids, a holistic reconstruction is made of the ecology of the artiodactyl community. The ecomorphological analyses indicate that the cervid <em>Axis lydekkeri</em> was adapted to relatively open environments with wet substrate. In combination with evidence of the other families, these results are compared in a correspondence analysis with the artiodactyl communities of contemporary Asian nature reserves. Trinil was shown to be similar to a number of Mainland Southeast Asian sites and reconstructed as an open woodland habitat with a wet component, possibly in the form of alluvial grasslands. The paleoenvironmental conditions reconstructed for Trinil indicate that <em>Homo erectus</em> was present in relatively open environments but that it still had a significant degree of environmental flexibility and was able to persist in wet and dry environments, with a vegetation structure ranging from grassland to open woodland.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 103638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Divergent otolithic systems in the inner ear of Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus 粗壮副人与非洲南方古猿内耳不同的耳石系统。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103624

Christopher M. Smith , Ashley S. Hammond , Alessandro Urciuoli , José Braga , Amélie Beaudet , Marine Cazenave , Jeffrey T. Laitman , Sergio Almécija

The bony labyrinth of the inner ear houses the sensory end-organs responsible for balance (otolithic system in the utricle and saccule, and semicircular canal system) and hearing (cochlea). Study of the bony labyrinth has revealed considerable morphological diversity in the hominin lineage (semicircular canals and cochleae) and aided in reconstructing essential aspects of primate evolution, including positional behavior, audition, and phylogenic affinities. However, evidence of evolutionary change in the hominin otolithic system remains elusive. Such morphological variation in these gravitoinertial sensory end-organs may suggest functional differences as their geometry is linked with positional behavior. We approach the question of evolutionary morphological change in the hominin otolithic system by examining bony vestibule morphology in two South African hominin taxa Paranthropus robustus (n = 9) and Australopithecus africanus (n = 6), compared to extant hominids (Pongo pygmaeus, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Homo sapiens). We use landmark-based shape analyses of 78 extant hominid inner ears by means of virtual three-dimensional models derived from micro-computed tomography scans. Thirty bony landmarks were chosen to approximate otolithic organ morphology and relative configuration. Results show a distinctive morphology in P. robustus compared to A. africanus and extant hominids. Specifically, P. robustus exhibits anterolateral–posteromedial compression in bony otolithic organ structure, reducing the size of the saccule and vestibular aqueduct. In contrast, A. africanus exhibits a modern-human-like otolithic system. This newfound morphological diversity identifies unique bony features of the P. robustus inner ear which: 1) offers potential evidence for differential positional behavior between P. robustus and A. africanus and 2) presents osteological markers to be used in taxonomic identification of P. robustus remains and in future assessments of Paranthropus classification.

内耳的骨质迷宫容纳了负责平衡的感觉末端器官（外耳道和囊管中的耳石系统以及半规管系统）和负责听觉的感觉末端器官（耳蜗）。对骨性迷宫的研究揭示了类人（半规管和耳蜗）的形态多样性，有助于重建灵长类进化的重要方面，包括位置行为、听觉和系统亲缘关系。然而，有关类人耳石系统进化变化的证据仍然难以捉摸。这些重力惯性感觉末端器官的形态变化可能暗示着功能上的差异，因为它们的几何形状与位置行为有关。我们通过研究两个南非类人类群--健壮古人类（Paranthropus robustus，n = 9）和非洲澳洲人（Australopithecus africanus，n = 6）--与现存类人类（Pongo pygmaeus、大猩猩、潘氏猿和智人）相比的骨质前庭形态，来探讨类人耳石系统的进化形态变化问题。我们通过从微型计算机断层扫描中提取的虚拟三维模型，对 78 个现存类人动物的内耳进行了基于地标的形状分析。我们选择了 30 个骨性地标来近似耳石器官的形态和相对构造。结果显示，与非洲人和现存类人猿相比，健壮人的形态与众不同。具体来说，健壮猪的骨质耳石器官结构表现出前外侧-后内侧压缩，缩小了囊状器和前庭导水管的尺寸。与此相反，非洲巨蜥则表现出类似现代人的耳石系统。这一新发现的形态多样性确定了健壮猪内耳独特的骨骼特征，这些特征包括1）为健壮人和非洲人之间不同的位置行为提供了潜在的证据；2）提供了骨学标记，可用于健壮人遗骸的分类鉴定和未来的古人类分类评估。

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引用次数: 0

Contextualizing the Upper Paleolithic of the Armenian Highlands: New data from Solak-1, central Armenia 亚美尼亚高地旧石器时代晚期的背景：来自亚美尼亚中部Solak-1的新数据。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103632

Tanner Z. Kovach , Artur Petrosyan , Keith N. Wilkinson , Yannick Raczynski-Henk , Kathleen Rodrigues , Ellery Frahm , Emily Beverly , Jayson P. Gill , Jennifer E. Sherriff , Boris Gasparyan , Hayk G. Avetisyan , Artak V. Gnuni , Daniel S. Adler

As a potential corridor connecting Southwest Asia with western and northern Europe, the Armenian Highlands and southern Caucasus hold great potential for increasing our understanding of Upper Paleolithic behavioral and cultural variability. However, given the dearth of Upper Paleolithic sites, we lack the data necessary to answer basic questions regarding the timing and nature of the Upper Paleolithic in this region. Solak-1 is an open-air site located along the upper Hrazdan Valley (1635 m above sea level) in central Armenia. The site preserves a rich Upper Paleolithic lithic assemblage produced almost exclusively on obsidian and is just the fourth Upper Paleolithic sequence in Armenia. The goal of this study is to present geoarchaeological, chronometric, and technological analyses of the Solak-1 site to integrate the site into the regional Upper Paleolithic sequence. Solak-1 is composed of six lithostratigraphic units (LUs 1–6) comprising recently reworked (LUs 1–2), pedogenically modified (LUs 3–5), and primary (LU 6) loess. A single-grain postinfrared infrared stimulated luminescence date of 27.73 ± 3.63 ka was obtained from LU 4. This age is comparable to regional Middle Upper Paleolithic sites in Armenia and Georgia. Technotypological analyses indicate a lithic assemblage dominated by the production of bladelets and bladelet tools from formal and informal cores. Geochemical sourcing of the obsidian highlights a predominance of local raw material use, with rare transport of artifacts over 185 linear km. These results add an important new datapoint to the Upper Paleolithic record of the Armenian Highlands, offering additional insights into technotypological patterning within this period.

作为连接西南亚与西欧和北欧的潜在走廊，亚美尼亚高地和南高加索地区具有巨大的潜力，可以增加我们对旧石器时代晚期行为和文化多样性的理解。然而，由于旧石器时代晚期遗址的缺乏，我们缺乏必要的数据来回答有关该地区旧石器时代晚期的时间和性质的基本问题。Solak-1是位于亚美尼亚中部Hrazdan河谷上游（海拔1635米）的露天场地。该遗址保存了丰富的旧石器时代晚期石器组合，几乎完全由黑曜石制成，是亚美尼亚第四个旧石器时代晚期序列。本研究的目的是对Solak-1遗址进行地质考古、时间学和技术分析，将该遗址纳入区域性的旧石器时代晚期序列。索拉克-1由6个岩石地层单元（LUs 1-6）组成，包括新近改造的（LUs 1-2）、土成改造的（LUs 3-5）和原生的（LUs 6）黄土。单粒红外后红外激发发光时间为27.73±3.63 ka。这个时代可以与亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚旧石器时代中晚期的地区相媲美。技术类型学分析表明，由正式和非正式岩心的叶片和叶片工具的生产主导的岩屑组合。黑曜石的地球化学来源突出了当地原材料使用的优势，罕见的文物运输超过185线性公里。这些结果为亚美尼亚高地旧石器时代晚期的记录增加了一个重要的新数据点，为这一时期的技术类型学模式提供了额外的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Interpreting statistical significance in hominin dimorphism: Power and Type I error rates for resampling tests of univariate and missing-data multivariate size dimorphism estimation methods in the fossil record 解释古人类二型性的统计意义：化石记录中单变量和缺失数据的多变量大小二型性估计方法的重采样测试的功率和I型错误率。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103630

Adam D. Gordon

The degree of sexual size dimorphism in fossil hominins is important evidence for the evaluation of evolutionary hypotheses, but it is also difficult/impossible to measure directly. Multiple methods have been developed to estimate dimorphism in univariate and multivariate datasets, including when data are missing. This paper introduces 'dimorph', an R package that implements many of these methods and associated resampling-based significance tests and evaluates their performance in terms of Type I error rates and power. Tests evaluated here are those that appear most commonly in the hominin literature: testing whether a fossil sample is significantly more dimorphic than a comparative sample of known dimorphism. Univariate and multivariate methods are applied to metric data from four extant hominoid species: Gorilla gorilla, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Hylobates lar. Each species is represented by 47 female and 47 male adult individuals, from which 10 linear postcranial measurements are collected. Data are resampled at a broad range of sample sizes (n = 4 to n = 82), sex ratios (proportion of females range from 0 to 1), and in the case of missing-data methods, proportions of missing data (0–0.9). Type I error rates and power are evaluated by the proportion of tests correctly or incorrectly rejecting null hypotheses regarding dimorphism difference within pairs of samples drawn from these four species, in which one sample stands in for a fossil sample. Results indicate low Type I error rates for all methods, whereas power is variable across methods but often low at sample sizes common to fossil analyses. Recommendations are made for the best significance tests. Additionally, previous work using lack of significant difference as evidence for similarity in dimorphism between fossils and extant species should be re-examined to determine whether those studies have enough power to detect known differences among extant taxa.

古人类性别大小二态性的程度是评价进化假说的重要依据，但也难以直接测量。已经开发了多种方法来估计单变量和多变量数据集的二态性，包括当数据缺失时。本文介绍了“dimorph”，这是一个R包，它实现了许多这些方法和相关的基于重采样的显著性检验，并根据I型错误率和功率评估它们的性能。这里评估的测试是那些在古人类文献中最常见的测试：测试化石样本是否明显比已知二态性的比较样本更二态。单变量和多变量方法应用于四个现存的类人猿物种的度量数据：大猩猩、智人、类人猿和大hyloates。每个物种由47个雌性和47个雄性成年个体代表，从中收集了10个线性颅后测量值。在广泛的样本量范围内（n = 4至n = 82），性别比率（女性比例范围为0至1），以及在缺失数据方法的情况下，缺失数据比例（0-0.9）对数据进行重新采样。I型错误率和功率是通过正确或错误地拒绝从这四个物种中抽取的成对样本中有关二态性差异的零假设的测试比例来评估的，其中一个样本代表化石样本。结果表明，所有方法的I型错误率都很低，而功率在不同方法之间是可变的，但在化石分析中常见的样本量通常很低。对最佳显著性检验提出了建议。此外，应该重新检查以前的工作，以缺乏显著差异作为化石和现存物种之间二态性相似性的证据，以确定这些研究是否有足够的能力来检测现存分类群之间的已知差异。

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引用次数: 0

Stone selection by wild chimpanzees shares patterns with Oldowan hominins 野生黑猩猩对石头的选择与奥尔德瓦古人类有共同的模式。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103625

D.R. Braun , S. Carvalho , R.S. Kaplan , M. Beardmore-Herd , T. Plummer , D. Biro , T. Matsuzawa

The use of broad tool repertoires to increase dietary flexibility through extractive foraging behaviors is shared by humans and their closest living relatives (chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes). However, comparisons between tool use in ancient human ancestors (hominins) and chimpanzees are limited by differences in their toolkits. One feature shared by primate and hominin toolkits is rock selection based on physical properties of the stones and the targets of foraging behaviors. Here, we document the selectivity patterns of stone tools used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts at Bossou, Guinea, through controlled experiments that introduce rocks unknown to this population. Experiments incorporate specific rock types because previous studies document hominin selection of these lithologies at Kanjera South 2 Ma. We investigate decisions made by chimpanzees when selecting stones that vary in their mechanical properties—features not directly visible to the individual. Results indicate that the selection of anvils and hammers is linked to task-specific mechanical properties. Chimpanzees select harder stones for hammers and softer stones for anvils, indicating an understanding of specific properties for distinct functions. Selectivity of rock types suggests that chimpanzees assess the appropriate materials for functions by discriminating these ‘invisible’ properties. Adults identify mechanical properties through individual learning, and juveniles often reused the tools selected by adults. Selection of specific rock types may be transmitted through the reuse of combinations of rocks. These patterns of stone selection parallel what is documented for Oldowan hominins. The processes identified in this experiment provide insights into the discrete nature of hominin rock selection patterns in Plio-Pleistocene stone artifact production.

人类和他们的近亲（黑猩猩，泛穴居人）共同使用广泛的工具库，通过采掘觅食行为来增加饮食的灵活性。然而，对古代人类祖先（古人类）和黑猩猩使用工具的比较受到工具包差异的限制。灵长类动物和人类工具箱共有的一个特征是，根据石头的物理性质和觅食行为的目标来选择岩石。在这里，我们记录了在几内亚Bossou，野生黑猩猩使用石器来敲开坚果的选择性模式，通过控制实验，引入了未知的岩石。实验纳入了特定的岩石类型，因为以前的研究记录了在Kanjera South 2 Ma这些岩性的人类选择。我们研究了黑猩猩在选择不同机械性能的石头时所做的决定——这些特征对个体来说是不直接可见的。结果表明，砧和锤的选择与特定任务的机械性能有关。黑猩猩选择较硬的石头做锤子，较软的石头做铁砧，这表明它们对不同功能的特定属性有不同的理解。岩石类型的选择性表明黑猩猩通过区分这些“看不见的”属性来评估合适的功能材料。成年人通过个人学习来识别机械特性，青少年经常重复使用成年人选择的工具。特定岩石类型的选择可以通过岩石组合的重复使用来传递。这些选择石头的模式与记载的奥尔多瓦古人类相似。在本实验中确定的过程提供了对上新世-更新世石器制品生产中人类岩石选择模式的离散性质的见解。

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引用次数: 0