Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103612
Rachel H. Dunn
The transition between the Bridgerian and Uintan North American Land Mammal Ages of the middle Eocene is a pivotal time in the evolution of modern mammal ecosystems in North America, marking the beginning of a global cooling trend that led to the recession of tropical forests and gradual faunal turnover on the continent. However, few mammalian faunas are known from this time period, leading to difficulty characterizing and recognizing early Uintan faunal assemblages. The Sand Wash Basin in northwestern Colorado has been suggested to yield fossil faunas of early Uintan age, but fossils from the Sand Wash Basin have not been formally described since the 1970s despite active field work in the region. Here, I describe plesiadapiform and euprimate fossils from the Sand Wash Basin and compare them to other late Bridgerian and early Uintan North American primate assemblages. The Sand Wash Basin primate fauna comprises five species, all of which are known from the Washakie Basin in Wyoming. The presence of Ourayia uintensis suggests that at least some fossil localities within the Sand Wash Basin yield fossils that are Uintan in age; however, the rarity of primates and lack of a stratigraphic context in which to interpret localities make it difficult to determine whether some may be older.
{"title":"New primates from the middle Eocene of the Sand Wash Basin, northwestern Colorado","authors":"Rachel H. Dunn","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition between the Bridgerian and Uintan North American Land Mammal Ages of the middle Eocene is a pivotal time in the evolution of modern mammal ecosystems in North America, marking the beginning of a global cooling trend that led to the recession of tropical forests and gradual faunal turnover on the continent. However, few mammalian faunas are known from this time period, leading to difficulty characterizing and recognizing early Uintan faunal assemblages. The Sand Wash Basin in northwestern Colorado has been suggested to yield fossil faunas of early Uintan age, but fossils from the Sand Wash Basin have not been formally described since the 1970s despite active field work in the region. Here, I describe plesiadapiform and euprimate fossils from the Sand Wash Basin and compare them to other late Bridgerian and early Uintan North American primate assemblages. The Sand Wash Basin primate fauna comprises five species, all of which are known from the Washakie Basin in Wyoming. The presence of <em>Ourayia uintensis</em> suggests that at least some fossil localities within the Sand Wash Basin yield fossils that are Uintan in age; however, the rarity of primates and lack of a stratigraphic context in which to interpret localities make it difficult to determine whether some may be older.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 103612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103603
Joaquim Soler , Isaac Rufí , Neus Coromina , Alba Solés , Dorothée G. Drucker , Narcís Soler
{"title":"The human remains of Final Gravettian age from the Reclau Viver and Mollet III caves (Serinyà, NE Iberian Peninsula)","authors":"Joaquim Soler , Isaac Rufí , Neus Coromina , Alba Solés , Dorothée G. Drucker , Narcís Soler","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103603","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 103603"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103604
Enquye W. Negash , Zeresenay Alemseged , W. Andrew Barr , Anna K. Behrensmeyer , Scott A. Blumenthal , René Bobe , Susana Carvalho , Thure E. Cerling , Kendra L. Chritz , Elizabeth McGuire , Kevin T. Uno , Bernard Wood , Jonathan G. Wynn
Reconstructing habitat types available to hominins and inferring how the paleo-landscape changed through time are critical steps in testing hypotheses about the selective pressures that drove the emergence of bipedalism, tool use, a change in diet, and progressive encephalization. Change in the amount and distribution of woody vegetation has been suggested as one of the important factors that shaped early hominin evolution. Previous models for reconstructing woody cover at eastern African hominin fossil sites used global-scale modern soil comparative datasets. Our higher-spatial-resolution study of carbon isotopes in soil organic matter is based on 26 modern African locations, ranging from tropical grass-dominated savannas to forests. We used this dataset to generate a new Eastern Africa–specific Woody Cover Model (EAWCM), which indicates that eastern African hominin sites were up to 13% more wooded than reconstructions based on previous models. Reconstructions using the EAWCM indicate widespread woodlands/bushlands and wooded grasslands and a shift toward C4-dominated landscapes in eastern Africa over the last 6 million years. Our results indicate that mixed tree–C4 grass savannas with 10–80% tree cover (but not pure grasslands with <10 % tree cover) dominated early hominin paleoenvironments. Landscapes with these biomes are marked by exceptional heterogeneity, which posed challenges and offered opportunities to early hominins that likely contributed to major behavioral and morphological shifts in the hominin clade.
{"title":"Modern African ecosystems as landscape-scale analogues for reconstructing woody cover and early hominin environments","authors":"Enquye W. Negash , Zeresenay Alemseged , W. Andrew Barr , Anna K. Behrensmeyer , Scott A. Blumenthal , René Bobe , Susana Carvalho , Thure E. Cerling , Kendra L. Chritz , Elizabeth McGuire , Kevin T. Uno , Bernard Wood , Jonathan G. Wynn","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconstructing habitat types available to hominins and inferring how the paleo-landscape changed through time are critical steps in testing hypotheses about the selective pressures that drove the emergence of bipedalism, tool use, a change in diet, and progressive encephalization. Change in the amount and distribution of woody vegetation has been suggested as one of the important factors that shaped early hominin evolution. Previous models for reconstructing woody cover at eastern African hominin fossil sites used global-scale modern soil comparative datasets. Our higher-spatial-resolution study of carbon isotopes in soil organic matter is based on 26 modern African locations, ranging from tropical grass-dominated savannas to forests. We used this dataset to generate a new Eastern Africa–specific Woody Cover Model (EAWCM), which indicates that eastern African hominin sites were up to 13% more wooded than reconstructions based on previous models. Reconstructions using the EAWCM indicate widespread woodlands/bushlands and wooded grasslands and a shift toward C<sub>4</sub>-dominated landscapes in eastern Africa over the last 6 million years. Our results indicate that mixed tree–C<sub>4</sub> grass savannas with 10–80% tree cover (but not pure grasslands with <10 % tree cover) dominated early hominin paleoenvironments. Landscapes with these biomes are marked by exceptional heterogeneity, which posed challenges and offered opportunities to early hominins that likely contributed to major behavioral and morphological shifts in the hominin clade.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 103604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103601
Andrea B. Taylor , Claire E. Terhune , Callum F. Ross , Christopher J. Vinyard
In primates and other mammals, the capacity to generate a wide maximum jaw gape is an important performance variable related to both feeding and nonfeeding oral behaviors, such as canine gape display and clearing the canines for use as weapons during aggressive encounters. Across sexually dimorphic catarrhine primates, gape is significantly correlated with canine height and with musculoskeletal features that facilitate wide gapes. Given the importance of canine gape behaviors in males as part of intrasexual competition for females, functional relationships between gape, canine height, and musculoskeletal morphology can be predicted to differ between the sexes. We test this hypothesis by investigating sex-specific relationships among these variables in a maximum sample of 32 cercopithecoid species. Using phylogenetic least squares regression, we found that of 18 predicted relationships, 16 of the 18 (89%) were significant in males, whereas only six (33%) were significant in females. Moreover, 15 of the 18 correlations were higher—10 of the 18 significantly higher—in males than in females. Males, but not females, showed strong and significant positive allometry of fiber lengths, indicating that increase in male jaw length is accompanied by allometric increases in the capacity for muscle stretch. While males and females showed significant negative allometry for muscle leverage, only males showed significant negative allometry of muscle leverage relative to jaw gape and canine height. Collectively, these results provide support for the hypothesis that as selection acted to increase relative canine height in male cercopithecoids, one change was an allometric increase in relative maximum jaw gape, along with allometric increases in musculoskeletal morphologies that facilitate gape. Lastly, if gape and canine display/clearance are key targets of selection on masticatory morphology in male cercopithecoids, then cercopithecoid monkeys such as macaques, baboons, and sooty mangabeys may have diminished utility as models for drawing paleobiological inferences from musculoskeletal morphology about feeding behavior and diet in fossil hominins.
{"title":"Jaw-muscle fiber architecture and skull form facilitate relatively wide jaw gapes in male cercopithecoid monkeys","authors":"Andrea B. Taylor , Claire E. Terhune , Callum F. Ross , Christopher J. Vinyard","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In primates and other mammals, the capacity to generate a wide maximum jaw gape is an important performance variable related to both feeding and nonfeeding oral behaviors, such as canine gape display and clearing the canines for use as weapons during aggressive encounters. Across sexually dimorphic catarrhine primates, gape is significantly correlated with canine height and with musculoskeletal features that facilitate wide gapes. Given the importance of canine gape behaviors in males as part of intrasexual competition for females, functional relationships between gape, canine height, and musculoskeletal morphology can be predicted to differ between the sexes. We test this hypothesis by investigating sex-specific relationships among these variables in a maximum sample of 32 cercopithecoid species. Using phylogenetic least squares regression, we found that of 18 predicted relationships, 16 of the 18 (89%) were significant in males, whereas only six (33%) were significant in females. Moreover, 15 of the 18 correlations were higher—10 of the 18 significantly higher—in males than in females. Males, but not females, showed strong and significant positive allometry of fiber lengths, indicating that increase in male jaw length is accompanied by allometric increases in the capacity for muscle stretch. While males and females showed significant negative allometry for muscle leverage, only males showed significant negative allometry of muscle leverage relative to jaw gape and canine height. Collectively, these results provide support for the hypothesis that as selection acted to increase relative canine height in male cercopithecoids, one change was an allometric increase in relative maximum jaw gape, along with allometric increases in musculoskeletal morphologies that facilitate gape. Lastly, if gape and canine display/clearance are key targets of selection on masticatory morphology in male cercopithecoids, then cercopithecoid monkeys such as macaques, baboons, and sooty mangabeys may have diminished utility as models for drawing paleobiological inferences from musculoskeletal morphology about feeding behavior and diet in fossil hominins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 103601"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the mechanism underlying the evolution of knuckle-walking in African great apes but not in humans may provide important implications about the origin and evolution of human bipedal locomotion. In this study, aiming to reveal possible structural adaptations of the chimpanzee's forearm and hand musculature related to knuckle-walking, we measure the passive elastic moment of the chimpanzee's and orangutan's wrist as it was rotated into extension, immobilizing the metacarpophalangeal joint at three different positions: extended (as in knuckle-walking), flexed (as in fist-walking), and an intermediate position. Our findings demonstrate that when the metacarpophalangeal joints are extended, the rigidity of the wrist joint in the extended direction increases. This increased rigidity is attributed to the passive elongation and force generation of digital flexor muscles, which are relatively short in chimpanzees. Consequently, this enhanced wrist-joint rigidity contributes to the stability and energetically efficient transmission of propulsive force to the ground during the stance phase. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that knuckle-walking is an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion for an ancestor characterized by the restricted capacity for wrist extension owing to the relatively shorter tendons of digital flexor muscles.
{"title":"A cadaveric study of wrist-joint moments in chimpanzees and orangutans with implications for the evolution of knuckle-walking","authors":"Akimasa Ito , Motoharu Oishi , Hideki Endo , Eishi Hirasaki , Naomichi Ogihara","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanism underlying the evolution of knuckle-walking in African great apes but not in humans may provide important implications about the origin and evolution of human bipedal locomotion. In this study, aiming to reveal possible structural adaptations of the chimpanzee's forearm and hand musculature related to knuckle-walking, we measure the passive elastic moment of the chimpanzee's and orangutan's wrist as it was rotated into extension, immobilizing the metacarpophalangeal joint at three different positions: extended (as in knuckle-walking), flexed (as in fist-walking), and an intermediate position. Our findings demonstrate that when the metacarpophalangeal joints are extended, the rigidity of the wrist joint in the extended direction increases. This increased rigidity is attributed to the passive elongation and force generation of digital flexor muscles, which are relatively short in chimpanzees. Consequently, this enhanced wrist-joint rigidity contributes to the stability and energetically efficient transmission of propulsive force to the ground during the stance phase. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that knuckle-walking is an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion for an ancestor characterized by the restricted capacity for wrist extension owing to the relatively shorter tendons of digital flexor muscles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 103600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103602
Jennifer Eyre, Scott A Williams, Mark Grabowski, Sandra Winters, Herman Pontzer
{"title":"Corrigendum to \"The effect of bi-iliac breadth on core body temperature\" [J. Hum. Evol. 195 (2024) 103580].","authors":"Jennifer Eyre, Scott A Williams, Mark Grabowski, Sandra Winters, Herman Pontzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"103602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142481255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103591
Jana Kunze , Katerina Harvati , Gerhard Hotz , Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
The evolution of the human hand is a topic of great interest in paleoanthropology. As the hand can be involved in a vast array of activities, knowledge regarding how it was used by early hominins can yield crucial information on the factors driving biocultural evolution. Previous research on early hominin hands focused on the overall bone shape. However, while such approaches can inform on mechanical abilities and the evolved efficiency of manipulation, they cannot be used as a definite proxy for individual habitual activity. Accordingly, it is crucial to examine bone structures more responsive to lifetime biomechanical loading, such as muscle attachment sites or internal bone architecture. In this study, we investigate the manual entheseal patterns of Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus sediba through the application of the validated entheses-based reconstruction of activity method. Using a comparative sample of later Homo and three great ape genera, we analyze the muscle attachment site proportions on the thumb, fifth ray, and third intermediate phalanx to gain insight into the habitual hand use of Australopithecus. We use a novel statistical procedure to account for the effects of interspecies variation in overall size and ray proportions. Our results highlight the importance of certain muscles of the first and fifth digits for humanlike hand use. In humans, these muscles are required for variable in-hand manipulation and are activated during stone-tool production. The entheses of A. sediba suggest muscle activation patterns consistent with a similar suite of habitual manual activities as in later Homo. In contrast, A. africanus and A. afarensis display a mosaic entheseal pattern that combines indications of both humanlike and apelike manipulation. Overall, these findings provide new evidence that some australopith species were already habitually engaging in humanlike manipulation, even if their manual dexterity was likely not as high as in later Homo.
{"title":"Humanlike manual activities in Australopithecus","authors":"Jana Kunze , Katerina Harvati , Gerhard Hotz , Fotios Alexandros Karakostis","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolution of the human hand is a topic of great interest in paleoanthropology. As the hand can be involved in a vast array of activities, knowledge regarding how it was used by early hominins can yield crucial information on the factors driving biocultural evolution. Previous research on early hominin hands focused on the overall bone shape. However, while such approaches can inform on mechanical abilities and the evolved efficiency of manipulation, they cannot be used as a definite proxy for individual habitual activity. Accordingly, it is crucial to examine bone structures more responsive to lifetime biomechanical loading, such as muscle attachment sites or internal bone architecture. In this study, we investigate the manual entheseal patterns of <em>Australopithecus afarensis</em>, <em>Australopithecus africanus,</em> and <em>Australopithecus sediba</em> through the application of the validated entheses-based reconstruction of activity method. Using a comparative sample of later <em>Homo</em> and three great ape genera, we analyze the muscle attachment site proportions on the thumb, fifth ray, and third intermediate phalanx to gain insight into the habitual hand use of <em>Australopithecus</em>. We use a novel statistical procedure to account for the effects of interspecies variation in overall size and ray proportions. Our results highlight the importance of certain muscles of the first and fifth digits for humanlike hand use. In humans, these muscles are required for variable in-hand manipulation and are activated during stone-tool production. The entheses of <em>A. sediba</em> suggest muscle activation patterns consistent with a similar suite of habitual manual activities as in later <em>Homo</em>. In contrast, <em>A. africanus</em> and <em>A. afarensis</em> display a mosaic entheseal pattern that combines indications of both humanlike and apelike manipulation. Overall, these findings provide new evidence that some australopith species were already habitually engaging in humanlike manipulation, even if their manual dexterity was likely not as high as in later <em>Homo</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 103591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103599
Jeanne Fuchs , Antonio García-Tabernero , Antonio Rosas , Hubert Camus , Laure Metz , Ludovic Slimak , Clément Zanolli
Grotte Mandrin is located in the middle Rhône River Valley, in Mediterranean France, and has yielded 11 Pleistocene archeological and paleoanthropological layers (ranging from the oldest layer J to the youngest layer B) dating from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 to MIS 3. We report here the nearly complete dentition of an adult Neanderthal individual, nicknamed ‘Thorin,’ associated to the last phase of the Post-Neronian II, in layer B2 (∼44.50–42.25 ka). A previous paleogenetic analysis revealed that Thorin is a male individual and that he shows a deep genetic divergence with other penecontemporaneous Neanderthals from western Europe that possibly occurred ∼105 ka. The 31 teeth of Thorin (including two distomolars) are described and analyzed using microcomputed tomography imaging and are compared with other Neanderthals and modern humans. Based on direct observation and measurements on the fossil remains, and using microtomographic imaging, tooth wear, nonmetric characters, crown dimensions, and dental tissue proportions were investigated, and the shape of the enamel–dentine junction of the M2, M2, and M3 was analyzed by geometric morphometrics. Our results indicate that Thorin's teeth show dental characteristics typical of MIS 5–3 Neanderthals. It is also the first time that the presence of two distomolars is reported in a Neanderthal individual, a trait that is rare among modern human populations. Combined with the genetic peculiarities of this individual, the results of the present study imply either a process of morphological convergence among the latest Neanderthal groups or an underestimation of the genetic variability of recent Neanderthal groups.
曼德林石窟（Grotte Mandrin）位于法国地中海的罗讷河中游河谷，出土了 11 层更新世考古和古人类学岩层（从最古老的 J 层到最年轻的 B 层），年代从海洋同位素阶段（MIS）5 到 MIS 3。我们在此报告了一个昵称为 "Thorin "的尼安德特人成年个体的近乎完整的牙齿，该个体与后尼罗河第二期最后阶段的 B2 层（∼44.50-42.25 ka）有关。之前的古遗传学分析表明，Thorin 是一个男性个体，他与西欧其他半同期尼安德特人的遗传分化程度很深，可能发生在 105 ka ∼ 105 ka 之间。研究利用微计算机断层扫描成像技术对索林的 31 颗牙齿（包括两颗远臼齿）进行了描述和分析，并将其与其他尼安德特人和现代人进行了比较。根据对化石遗骸的直接观察和测量，并使用显微断层成像技术，研究了牙齿磨损、非度量特征、牙冠尺寸和牙齿组织比例，并通过几何形态计量学分析了 M2、M2 和 M3 的珐琅质与牙齿交界处的形状。我们的研究结果表明，索林的牙齿显示出 MIS 5-3 尼安德特人的典型牙齿特征。这也是首次报道尼安德特人有两颗远臼齿，而这一特征在现代人中十分罕见。结合该个体的遗传特征，本研究的结果意味着尼安德特人最新族群之间的形态趋同过程或低估了尼安德特人最新族群的遗传变异性。
{"title":"The dentition of a new adult Neanderthal individual from Grotte Mandrin, France","authors":"Jeanne Fuchs , Antonio García-Tabernero , Antonio Rosas , Hubert Camus , Laure Metz , Ludovic Slimak , Clément Zanolli","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grotte Mandrin is located in the middle Rhône River Valley, in Mediterranean France, and has yielded 11 Pleistocene archeological and paleoanthropological layers (ranging from the oldest layer J to the youngest layer B) dating from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 to MIS 3. We report here the nearly complete dentition of an adult Neanderthal individual, nicknamed ‘Thorin,’ associated to the last phase of the Post-Neronian II, in layer B2 (∼44.50–42.25 ka). A previous paleogenetic analysis revealed that Thorin is a male individual and that he shows a deep genetic divergence with other penecontemporaneous Neanderthals from western Europe that possibly occurred ∼105 ka. The 31 teeth of Thorin (including two distomolars) are described and analyzed using microcomputed tomography imaging and are compared with other Neanderthals and modern humans. Based on direct observation and measurements on the fossil remains, and using microtomographic imaging, tooth wear, nonmetric characters, crown dimensions, and dental tissue proportions were investigated, and the shape of the enamel–dentine junction of the M<sup>2</sup>, M<sub>2</sub>, and M<sub>3</sub> was analyzed by geometric morphometrics. Our results indicate that Thorin's teeth show dental characteristics typical of MIS 5–3 Neanderthals. It is also the first time that the presence of two distomolars is reported in a Neanderthal individual, a trait that is rare among modern human populations. Combined with the genetic peculiarities of this individual, the results of the present study imply either a process of morphological convergence among the latest Neanderthal groups or an underestimation of the genetic variability of recent Neanderthal groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 103599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Schöningen 13II-4 site is a marvel of Paleolithic archaeology. With the extraordinary preservation of complete wooden spears and butchered large mammal bones dating from the Middle Pleistocene, Schöningen maintains a prominent position in the halls of human origins worldwide. Here, we present the first analysis of the complete large mammal faunal assemblage from Schöningen 13II-4, drawing on multiple lines of zooarchaeological and taphonomic evidence to expose the full spectrum of hominin activities at the site—before, during, and after the hunt. Horse (Equus mosbachensis) remains dominate the assemblage and suggest a recurrent ambush hunting strategy along the margins of the Schöningen paleo-lake. In this regard, Schöningen 13II-4 provides the first undisputed evidence for hunting of a single prey species that can be studied from an in situ, open-air context. The Schöningen hominins likely relied on cooperative hunting strategy to target horse family groups, to the near exclusion of bachelor herds. Horse kills occurred during all seasons, implying a year-round presence of hominins on the Schöningen landscape. All portions of prey skeletons are represented in the assemblage, many complete and in semiarticulation, with little transport of skeletal parts away from the site. Butchery marks are abundant, and adult carcasses were processed more thoroughly than were juveniles. Numerous complete, unmodified bones indicated that lean meat and marrow were not always so highly prized, especially in events involving multiple kills when fat and animal hides may have received greater attention. The behaviors displayed at Schöningen continue to challenge our perceptions and models of past hominin lifeways, further cementing Schöningen's standing as the archetype for understanding hunting adaptations during the European Middle Pleistocene.
{"title":"Persistent predators: Zooarchaeological evidence for specialized horse hunting at Schöningen 13II-4","authors":"Jarod M. Hutson , Aritza Villaluenga , Alejandro García-Moreno , Elaine Turner , Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Schöningen 13II-4 site is a marvel of Paleolithic archaeology. With the extraordinary preservation of complete wooden spears and butchered large mammal bones dating from the Middle Pleistocene, Schöningen maintains a prominent position in the halls of human origins worldwide. Here, we present the first analysis of the complete large mammal faunal assemblage from Schöningen 13II-4, drawing on multiple lines of zooarchaeological and taphonomic evidence to expose the full spectrum of hominin activities at the site—before, during, and after the hunt. Horse (<em>Equus mosbachensis</em>) remains dominate the assemblage and suggest a recurrent ambush hunting strategy along the margins of the Schöningen paleo-lake. In this regard, Schöningen 13II-4 provides the first undisputed evidence for hunting of a single prey species that can be studied from an in situ, open-air context. The Schöningen hominins likely relied on cooperative hunting strategy to target horse family groups, to the near exclusion of bachelor herds. Horse kills occurred during all seasons, implying a year-round presence of hominins on the Schöningen landscape. All portions of prey skeletons are represented in the assemblage, many complete and in semiarticulation, with little transport of skeletal parts away from the site. Butchery marks are abundant, and adult carcasses were processed more thoroughly than were juveniles. Numerous complete, unmodified bones indicated that lean meat and marrow were not always so highly prized, especially in events involving multiple kills when fat and animal hides may have received greater attention. The behaviors displayed at Schöningen continue to challenge our perceptions and models of past hominin lifeways, further cementing Schöningen's standing as the archetype for understanding hunting adaptations during the European Middle Pleistocene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 103590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103589
Lauren B. Halenar-Price , Zachary S. Klukkert , Juan N. Almonte-Milán , Phillip Lehman , Zana R. Sims , Siobhán B. Cooke
Here we describe new fossil material of Antillothrix bernensis, a Pleistocene-Holocene primate taxon from Hispaniola. It is now represented by seven crania, five mandibles, and dozens of postcranial elements from several paleontologically rich cave systems. The five adult crania included here share a similar overall profile as well as specific features such as a deep depression at the glabella. The complete anterior dentition of Antillothrix can now be described for the first time; short canine crowns, in the apicobasal dimension, compare well with titi monkeys, but the new crania and mandibles lack the specialized tall-crowned incisors of the extant pitheciids. They do, however, have a diastema between the lateral maxillary incisors and canines, a feature not present in the previously known crania. The new mandibles deepen posteriorly and have a medial inflection of the mandibular ramus, as in some pitheciids, but also share with Xenothrix a significant vertical narrowing of the corpus under P4/M1 not observed among extant taxa. Two of the specimens, a cranium and a mandible that do not fit together, exhibit congenitally absent third molars—a rarity among extant, noncallitrichine taxa. There is an approximately 1-kg range in the estimated body mass among the full Antillothrix sample (from 2.4 to 3.4 kg), as well as a range of approximately 5 cm3 of endocranial volume (from 40 to 45 cm3). With these extended ranges from the new specimens, Antillothrix can no longer be described as a taxon with a brain size smaller than that expected for its body size. Neither of these ranges in the brain size or body size is large enough to indicate a substantial level of sexual dimorphism or to necessitate separating the sample into male and female individuals. Given this, and the similar canine sizes for all specimens where they are present, the sample is consistent with a morphologically variable but monomorphic species.
{"title":"Craniomandibular variation in the endemic Hispaniolan primate, Antillothrix bernensis","authors":"Lauren B. Halenar-Price , Zachary S. Klukkert , Juan N. Almonte-Milán , Phillip Lehman , Zana R. Sims , Siobhán B. Cooke","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here we describe new fossil material of <em>Antillothrix bernensis</em>, a Pleistocene-Holocene primate taxon from Hispaniola. It is now represented by seven crania, five mandibles, and dozens of postcranial elements from several paleontologically rich cave systems. The five adult crania included here share a similar overall profile as well as specific features such as a deep depression at the glabella. The complete anterior dentition of <em>Antillothrix</em> can now be described for the first time; short canine crowns, in the apicobasal dimension, compare well with titi monkeys, but the new crania and mandibles lack the specialized tall-crowned incisors of the extant pitheciids. They do, however, have a diastema between the lateral maxillary incisors and canines, a feature not present in the previously known crania. The new mandibles deepen posteriorly and have a medial inflection of the mandibular ramus, as in some pitheciids, but also share with <em>Xenothrix</em> a significant vertical narrowing of the corpus under P<sub>4</sub>/M<sub>1</sub> not observed among extant taxa. Two of the specimens, a cranium and a mandible that do not fit together, exhibit congenitally absent third molars—a rarity among extant, noncallitrichine taxa. There is an approximately 1-kg range in the estimated body mass among the full <em>Antillothrix</em> sample (from 2.4 to 3.4 kg), as well as a range of approximately 5 cm<sup>3</sup> of endocranial volume (from 40 to 45 cm<sup>3</sup>). With these extended ranges from the new specimens, <em>Antillothrix</em> can no longer be described as a taxon with a brain size smaller than that expected for its body size. Neither of these ranges in the brain size or body size is large enough to indicate a substantial level of sexual dimorphism or to necessitate separating the sample into male and female individuals. Given this, and the similar canine sizes for all specimens where they are present, the sample is consistent with a morphologically variable but monomorphic species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 103589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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