Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of essential oils, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid in Smyrnium olusatrum L.: A comprehensive review

Conventional pharmaceutical interventions often entail considerable financial burdens and are frequently associated with a plethora of adverse effects. Consequently, an escalating number of individuals are turning to herbal remedies to ameliorate the symptoms of various ailments. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of medicinal plants remain underexplored. Smyrnium olusatrum L., a biennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, colloquially known as Alexanders or Wild celery, has been traditionally employed in the treatment of colds and hemorrhages. Pharmacological investigations have highlighted the abundant presence of flavonoids and ascorbic acid in this plant. However, predominant research focus has been directed towards its essential oils. Intriguingly, a myriad of compounds derived from Smyrnium olusatrum L. exhibit noteworthy antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic activities. The primary objective of this review is to elucidate structural variabilities in compounds across distinct plant parts and geographical origins of Smyrnium olusatrum L. Additionally, this review seeks to systematically compile data pertaining to the diverse biological effects observed both in vitro and in vivo, thereby elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing these effects.