European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports最新文献

Naringin exhibits adaptogen-like and neuroprotective effects on mice under chronic stress, reversing cortical neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration 柚皮苷对慢性应激小鼠表现出适应原样和神经保护作用，逆转皮层神经炎症和神经变性

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2026.100323

Vivian O. Ojiakor , Benneth Ben-Azu , Elizabeth Finbarrs-Bello , Emmanuel A. Esom , Chike P. Anibeze , Emeka G. Anyanwu

Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induces impairment in cortical functional connectivity, which plays an important role in depression and anxiety. It remains unclear if naringin, a natural adaptogen with antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, reverses CUMS-induced depression by normalizing cortical dysfunction. Therefore, this study investigated the adaptogen-like anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects of naringin on mice subjected to CUMS and the underlying mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Adult male Swiss mice (n = 9/group) received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline (10 mL/kg) for control and CUMS, naringin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), enduring CUMS for 21 days. Mice were assessed for depression and anxiety via neurobehavioural tests and neurochemical, biochemical and histochemical evaluations in the PFC. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was measured by adrenal weight, serum corticosterone, and glucose levels. Naringin treatment reduced CUMS-induced depression, evidenced by higher sucrose consumption and decreased immobility in tests. It also alleviated anxiety-like behaviours in the elevated-plus maze and open-field tests. These effects correlated with lower corticosterone, serum glucose, and adrenal gland size. Naringin increased cortical antioxidant levels while reducing CUMS-induced lipid/nitrergic peroxidation and TNF-α and IL-1β. Both naringin and fluoxetine boosted serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release in the PFC. Additionally, naringin countered CUMS-induced astrogliosis by lowering glial fibrillary acidic protein and upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor, with reduced pyknosis in the PFC. Naringin's antidepressant/anxiolytic effects stem from inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, enhancing HPA function, monoamine release, and astrocytic activity in the mouse PFC.

慢性不可预测的轻度应激（CUMS）导致皮质功能连通性损伤，在抑郁和焦虑中起重要作用。柚皮苷是一种具有抗抑郁和抗焦虑作用的天然适应原，它是否能通过使皮层功能障碍正常化来逆转cums诱导的抑郁症，目前尚不清楚。因此，本研究探讨了柚皮苷对CUMS小鼠的适应原样抗焦虑和抗抑郁作用及其在前额皮质（PFC）的潜在机制。成年雄性瑞士小鼠（n = 9/组）每天腹腔注射生理盐水（10 mL/kg）作为对照，同时注射CUMS、柚皮苷（2.5、5和10 mg/kg）或氟西汀（10 mg/kg），持续CUMS 21天。通过神经行为测试和pfc的神经化学、生化和组织化学评估小鼠的抑郁和焦虑。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴通过肾上腺重量、血清皮质酮和葡萄糖水平测量。柚皮苷治疗减少了cms诱导的抑郁症，在试验中证明了更高的蔗糖消耗量和减少的不动性。在高架迷宫和露天场地试验中，它也减轻了焦虑样行为。这些影响与较低的皮质酮、血清葡萄糖和肾上腺大小有关。柚皮苷增加皮质抗氧化水平，同时减少cums诱导的脂质/氮质过氧化和TNF-α和IL-1β。柚皮苷和氟西汀都能促进PFC中血清素、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的释放。此外，柚皮苷通过降低胶质纤维酸性蛋白和上调脑源性神经营养因子来对抗cms诱导的星形胶质细胞形成，减少PFC中的固缩。柚皮苷的抗抑郁/抗焦虑作用源于抑制炎症、氧化应激、增强HPA功能、单胺释放和小鼠PFC中的星形胶质细胞活性。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of vascular disease: A review and preliminary analysis 三七治疗血管疾病的机制综述及初步分析

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2026.100322

Yunqi Zhang , Jingyu Wang , Liang Zhou , Xiao Sun , Yixin Wang , Xiaobo Sun , Yun Luo

Panax notoginseng, an essential Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used to treat various vascular diseases, which are becoming widely recognized. However, there is a dearth of summary information regarding the therapeutic mechanism of notoginseng in the treatment of vascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of various vascular diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetic microvascular complications, and ischemia reperfusion microvascular injury. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis utilizing network pharmacology is conducted to predict the potential illness spectrum of notoginseng in the treatment of vascular diseases, which provides reference for its further development and utilization in the future.

三七作为一种重要的中药，已被广泛用于治疗各种血管疾病。然而，关于三七治疗血管疾病的治疗机制缺乏总结信息。本文就三七治疗心脑血管疾病、糖尿病微血管并发症、缺血再灌注微血管损伤等多种血管疾病的分子机制作一综述。并利用网络药理学进行初步分析，预测三七治疗血管疾病的潜在疾病谱，为今后三七的进一步开发利用提供参考。

引用次数: 0

Imidazole‒sulfonamide hybrid conjugate: A privilege scaffold with significant therapeutic potential 咪唑-磺胺杂化偶联物：一种具有显著治疗潜力的特殊支架

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100321

Riham M. Bokhtia

Combining two or more biologically active moieties in a single structure recently became one of the most proposed concepts that have been adopted in drug development process. Enhanced efficacy, limited side effects and declined drug resistance are the main features of molecular hybridization approach. Both imidazole and sulfonamide cores are valuable pharmacophores and precious structural motifs of highly anticipated medicinal interest that grabbed researchers’ attention in the last few years and could serve as lead candidates with prodigious antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, antioxidant and antidiabetic significance. Imidazole tethered sulfonamides utilized a shotgun strategy through binding to different sites on receptor, hitting multiple targets and exhibiting synergized therapeutic potential, dual inhibitory activity against various diseases including drug-resistant forms with diminished adverse reactions. This comprehensive review focuses on the fruitful influence of connecting these two scaffolds in a single hybrid molecule and outlines the promising biological importance of some imidazole‒sulfonamide conjugates as multitarget‒directed ligands (MTDLs) in terms of structure‒activity relationships.

将两种或两种以上的生物活性基团结合在一个单一的结构中，是近年来在药物开发过程中被提出最多的概念之一。分子杂交方法的主要特点是疗效高、副作用少、耐药程度低。咪唑和磺胺核心都是有价值的药物载体和珍贵的结构基序，在过去的几年里引起了研究人员的高度关注，并可能成为具有惊人的抗菌、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗癌、抗炎、抗胆碱酯酶、抗氧化和抗糖尿病意义的主要候选药物。咪唑系链磺胺类药物利用霰弹枪策略，通过结合受体上的不同位点，击中多个靶点，并表现出协同治疗潜力，对各种疾病具有双重抑制活性，包括耐药形式，不良反应减少。本文综述了咪唑-磺胺偶联物作为多靶点定向配体（mtdl）在结构-活性关系方面的重要生物学意义。

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引用次数: 0

Exploiting the synergy between computational and experimental biophysics for efficient cancer drug development 利用计算和实验生物物理学之间的协同作用，有效地开发癌症药物

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100320

Ana Álvarez-Mena , Mélanie Berbon , Carmelo Di Primo , Rebeca Garcia-Fandino , Ángel Piñeiro , Carlos Fernandez-Lozano , Hugo A.L. Filipe , Birgit Habenstein

Targeted cancer therapies have revolutionized oncology by developing treatments that specifically target cancer cells, reducing side effects. However, traditional drug discovery approaches are often hindered by high costs, long timelines, and low success rates. To address these challenges, the combination of computational and experimental biophysical techniques has become a highly effective approach. Molecular modeling methods, such as docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and virtual screening, enable in silico identification and optimization of drug candidates, while experimental biophysical techniques like NMR, SPR, and BLI validate molecular structures, binding interactions and affinities. This combined approach enhances the precision and efficiency of drug discovery, enabling progress in targeting oncogenic mutations, disrupting protein-protein interactions, and advancing drug repurposing efforts. Despite its potential, several challenges remain, including predictive limitations in computational models, experimental reproducibility, and the complexity of integrating diverse datasets. Future advances, particularly in artificial intelligence-driven methodologies, high-throughput screening, and drug repurposing, hold great potential to accelerate the development of innovative and effective cancer therapies.

靶向癌症治疗通过开发专门针对癌细胞的治疗方法，减少了副作用，从而彻底改变了肿瘤学。然而，传统的药物发现方法往往受到高成本、长时间和低成功率的阻碍。为了应对这些挑战，计算和实验生物物理技术的结合已经成为一种非常有效的方法。分子建模方法，如对接、分子动力学模拟和虚拟筛选，可以在计算机上识别和优化候选药物，而实验生物物理技术，如NMR、SPR和BLI，可以验证分子结构、结合相互作用和亲和力。这种联合方法提高了药物发现的准确性和效率，使靶向致癌突变、破坏蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用和推进药物重新利用的努力取得进展。尽管其潜力巨大，但仍存在一些挑战，包括计算模型的预测局限性、实验可重复性以及整合不同数据集的复杂性。未来的进展，特别是在人工智能驱动的方法、高通量筛选和药物再利用方面，具有加速创新和有效癌症治疗发展的巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Elucidating the mechanism of anti-ischemic stroke action of Irisflorentin:A combined approach using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro validation 鸢尾花素抗缺血性脑卒中作用机制研究：网络药理学、分子对接和体外验证相结合的研究方法

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100318

Yue Zhang , Tingting Lu , Xuping Luo , Chang Jin , Meizhu Zheng , Dongfang Shi , Kai Song , Qicheng Ying , Yongxing Ai

Irisflorentin, an isoflavonoid isolated from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté, serves as a key bioactive molecule in Sagittaria, exhibiting antioxidative, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite these attributes, the precise roles and mechanisms of Irisflorentin in mitigating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are not well elucidated. This study aims to clarify the therapeutic targets and pathways of irisflorentin in ischemic stroke utilizing network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and experimental validation. The predictions generated by network pharmacology and molecular docking concerning potential targets and pathways. Irisflorentin influences numerous biological processes, such as signaling, protein phosphorylation, the suppression of neuronal apoptosis and the amplification of the MAPK cascade. Key targets identified via molecular docking include ESR1, EGFR, HIF1A, HSP90AB1, CCND1, ERBB2, MTOR, ESR2, MAPK8, and MAPK1. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the Irisflorentin small molecule exhibits favourable binding interactions with the HIF1A and MTOR target proteins.Cellular studies showed that irisflorentin improves cellular morphology, boosts cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreases LDH release, ROS production, Ca²⁺ levels, and apoptosis rates. IFR enhances the expression of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Bcl-2, BDNF, TRқB, ERK1, ERK2, p90RSK, and CREB, while suppressing FOXO1A, HIF1A, Bax, and Caspase-3.Ultimately, Irisflorentin promotes neuroprotection and lessens cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage by activating the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1A, mTOR/HIF1A, and BDNF/TRқB/ERK1/2/p90RSK/CREB pathways, underscoring its potential as an adjunct therapy for ischemic stroke and providing a foundation for its further development and clinical utility.

鸢尾花素（Irisflorentin）：一种从白桦中分离得到的异黄酮。红豆蔻，作为一个关键的生物活性分子在人马座，表现出抗氧化，降糖和抗炎特性。尽管具有这些特性，鸢尾花素在减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤中的确切作用和机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在利用网络药理学、分子对接、分子动力学模拟和实验验证等手段，阐明鸢尾花素对缺血性脑卒中的治疗靶点和通路。网络药理学与分子对接对潜在靶点和通路的预测。鸢尾花素影响许多生物过程，如信号传导、蛋白磷酸化、神经元凋亡抑制和MAPK级联扩增。通过分子对接确定的关键靶点包括ESR1、EGFR、HIF1A、HSP90AB1、CCND1、ERBB2、MTOR、ESR2、MAPK8和MAPK1。分子动力学模拟表明鸢尾小花素小分子与HIF1A和MTOR靶蛋白表现出良好的结合相互作用。细胞研究表明鸢尾花素改善细胞形态，提高细胞活力和线粒体膜电位，降低LDH释放、ROS产生、Ca2+水平和凋亡率。IFR增强PI3K、AKT、mTOR、Bcl-2、BDNF、TRқB、ERK1、ERK2、p90RSK和CREB的表达，同时抑制FOXO1A、HIF1A、Bax和Caspase-3的表达。最终，鸢尾素通过激活PI3K/AKT/FOXO1A、mTOR/HIF1A和BDNF/TRқB/ERK1/2/p90RSK/CREB通路促进神经保护并减轻脑缺血/再灌注损伤，强调其作为缺血性卒中辅助治疗的潜力，并为其进一步开发和临床应用提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Inhibition of ginsenoside Re on pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mice: Involved in modulating the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis 人参皂苷Re对博来霉素诱导小鼠肺纤维化的抑制作用：参与调节CX3CL1/CX3CR1轴

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100319

Zhaoqin Wen , Huiyun Yang , Hong Ling , Huicai Lin , Xiaoyan Chen , Wan-Lan Shi , Yongxiang Song , Jiang Deng

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a common pathological feature of a variety of diffuse, progressive and irreversible pulmonary interstitial diseases, and effective therapeutic agents are currently lacking. Our previous study found that the total ginsenosides can improve pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mice. Ginsenosides Re (G-Re) is one of the most abundant active ingredients in total ginsenosides and has a variety of pharmacological activities. This study investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of Re on pulmonary fibrosis in mice induced by bleomycin. The effects of G-Re on pulmonary fibrosis were evaluated using lung function measurement, pathological analysis, and detection of deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). To investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-pulmonary fibrosis effects of G-Re, chemokine CX3C ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and receptor 1 (CX3CR1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in lung tissues were detected by molecular biology techniques, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Treatment with G-Re ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in mice induced by bleomycin. In addition, it downregulated the levels of CX3CL1, CX3CR1, TGF-β1, MEK1/2, and MMP2. It upregulated the level of TIMP-1. These findings indicate that G-Re exerts protective effects against pulmonary fibrosis, likely through suppression of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and coordinated regulation of the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to reduced alveolar basement membrane injury and diminished extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in murine lung tissue.

肺纤维化（Pulmonary fibrosis， PF）是多种弥漫性、进行性和不可逆性肺间质性疾病的共同病理特征，目前缺乏有效的治疗药物。我们前期研究发现人参总皂苷对博来霉素所致小鼠肺纤维化有改善作用。人参皂苷Re （G-Re）是人参总皂苷中含量最丰富的活性成分之一，具有多种药理活性。本研究探讨稀土对博来霉素致小鼠肺纤维化的抑制作用及其机制。通过肺功能测量、病理分析和细胞外基质沉积（ECM）检测来评估G-Re对肺纤维化的影响。为探讨G-Re抗肺纤维化作用的机制，采用分子生物学、免疫荧光和免疫组化技术检测肺组织趋化因子CX3C配体1 （CX3CL1）和受体1 （CX3CR1）、转化生长因子β1 （TGF-β1）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1/2 （MEK1/2）、细胞外信号调节激酶1/2 （ERK1/2）、基质金属蛋白酶2 （MMP2）和金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1 （TIMP-1）。G-Re治疗可改善博来霉素所致小鼠肺纤维化。下调CX3CL1、CX3CR1、TGF-β1、MEK1/2、MMP2水平。上调TIMP-1水平。这些发现表明，G-Re可能通过抑制CX3CL1/CX3CR1轴和协调调节ERK 1/2信号通路和基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）对肺纤维化具有保护作用，从而减少肺泡基底膜损伤和减少肺组织中细胞外基质（ECM）的积累。

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引用次数: 0

N-Acylhydrazones: applications and advances in drug discovery n -酰基腙：在药物发现中的应用和进展

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100317

Giorgio Antoniolli , Gabriel Rodrigues de Moraes , Caterina Deruvo , Cosimo Damiano Altomare , Fernando Coelho , Modesto de Candia

N-Acylhydrazones (NAHs) represent a structurally versatile and pharmacologically active class of compounds widely explored over last two decades in medicinal chemistry. Characterized by the presence of both hydrazide and imine functionalities, NAHs exhibit a rich spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitubercular, antiprotozoal, anticancer, and antiviral effects, as showed by a number of approved drugs (nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, carbazochrome, nifuroxazide, dantrolene, and azumolene) containing the NAH framework. Although discussion about toxicity, and efficacy of NAH-based drugs, several derivatives have been developed as a strategy to overcome failure and resistance in drug discovery. Indeed, in the NAH derivatives key physicochemical properties (lipophilicity/solubility, hydrogen-bonding property, and geometric or conformational isomerism) can easy modulated, to enhance their ability to generate bioactive small-molecules. In this review, by considering the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, we would provide a comprehensive current landscape of the therapeutic potential in drug-design and the state of the art of NAH progresses in pharmaceutical research.

n -酰基腙（NAHs）是近二十年来在药物化学中被广泛探索的结构多样、药理活性高的一类化合物。以肼和亚胺两种功能为特征，NAHs具有丰富的生物活性，包括抗炎、抗菌、抗结核、抗原虫、抗癌和抗病毒作用，许多已批准的含有NAHs框架的药物（硝基呋喃酮、呋喃妥英、咔唑铬、硝基呋唑胺、丹曲林和唑莫烯）都证明了这一点。虽然讨论了盐酸药物的毒性和疗效，但一些衍生物已经被开发出来，作为克服药物发现失败和耐药的策略。事实上，在NAH衍生物中关键的物理化学性质（亲脂性/溶解度、氢键性质和几何或构象异构）可以很容易地调节，以增强其产生生物活性小分子的能力。在本综述中，通过考虑PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science和b谷歌Scholar数据库，我们将提供药物设计治疗潜力的综合当前景观和药物研究中NAH进展的最新状态。

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引用次数: 0

Sanguinarine alleviates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in AKI by upregulating BCL-2 through targeting the gene promoter i-motif 血桂碱通过靶向基因启动子i基序上调BCL-2，缓解顺铂诱导的AKI细胞凋亡

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100316

Xiaoya Li , Wen-Li Fu , Fenfen He , Xiaoli Xu , Bianxiang Hu , Yuqing Wang , Shuo-Bin Chen , Jianmin Chen

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells is a key pathological driver, and upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 is a validated protective mechanism. The BCL-2 promoter harbors a C-rich sequence capable of forming an i-motif, a non-canonical DNA secondary structure with regulatory functions. Previous studies have reported steroid-like molecules as potential ligands for the BCL-2 i-motif, but their interactions were generally weak and lacked systematic pharmacophore insight. Here, we identify Sanguinarine (SG), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, as a more potent ligand from a natural product library. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed broad-spectrum binding of SG to multiple promoter i-motifs, yet circular dichroism (CD) and melting assays suggested a relatively stronger stabilizing effect on the BCL-2 C-rich structure under our assay conditions. This apparent conformational preference, rather than strict binding selectivity, led to transcriptional activation of BCL-2 and protection of HK-2 cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. While i-motifs have only rarely been explored in AKI, our study provides new mechanistic insight by defining an aromatic–cationic pharmacophore and suggesting that structure-dependent stabilization may serve as a plausible mechanism for promoter-specific modulation. These findings support the biological relevance of the BCL-2 i-motif and highlight natural products as valuable scaffolds for nucleic-acid–interacting agents in renal injury models.

急性肾损伤（AKI）是一种严重的临床疾病，发病率和死亡率都很高。肾小管上皮细胞的凋亡是一个关键的病理驱动因素，而抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2的上调是一个被证实的保护机制。BCL-2启动子包含一个富含c的序列，能够形成i-motif，这是一个具有调节功能的非规范DNA二级结构。先前的研究报道了类固醇样分子作为BCL-2 i-motif的潜在配体，但它们的相互作用通常很弱，缺乏系统的药效团洞察力。在这里，我们从天然产物库中发现了一种名为血碱（SG）的苯并苯胺生物碱，是一种更有效的配体。表面等离子体共振（SPR）显示SG与多个启动子i基序的广谱结合，而圆二色性（CD）和熔融实验表明，在我们的实验条件下，SG对BCL-2富c结构具有相对较强的稳定作用。这种明显的构象偏好，而不是严格的结合选择性，导致BCL-2的转录激活和保护HK-2细胞免受顺铂诱导的凋亡。虽然i-motif在AKI中很少被探索，但我们的研究通过定义芳香阳离子药效团提供了新的机制见解，并表明结构依赖的稳定化可能是启动子特异性调节的合理机制。这些发现支持了BCL-2 i-motif的生物学相关性，并突出了天然产物作为肾损伤模型中核酸相互作用药物的有价值的支架。

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引用次数: 0

Synthetic developments and biological insights of 1,2,3-triazoles: Unravelling scope for drug discovery 1,2,3-三唑类化合物的合成进展和生物学见解：揭示药物发现的范围

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100315

Glanish Jude Martis, Sowmya Maiya, Santosh L. Gaonkar

1,2,3-Triazoles have emerged as instrumental heterocyclic scaffolds playing key role in the field of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. The recent advancements utilizing the evolving technologies and the subsequent development of various synthetic strategies have dragged the attention based on their merits when compared to those with classical methods. In this review, different synthetic methods such as metal-catalyzed cycloaddition and metal-free reactions have been discussed with their noteworthy results. Also, focussing on the eco-friendliness domain, reactions following the green principles have been included. The scope of click reactions is wide and their optimisations play a crucial role. Erstwhile, the biological activity of the potential medicinal targets has opened a wide-gateway for the future medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. The impact of potent triazoles in appropriate areas is inclined throughout the review having the coverage of past twelve years which would help researchers working on discovery chemistry and biology across the world.

1,2,3-三唑类化合物作为杂环支架类化合物在合成化学和药物化学领域发挥着重要作用。近年来利用不断发展的技术和随后发展的各种综合策略，由于其与经典方法相比的优点而引起了人们的注意。本文对金属催化环加成和无金属反应等不同的合成方法进行了综述，并取得了令人瞩目的成果。此外，关注生态友好领域，遵循绿色原则的反应也包括在内。点击反应的范围很广，它们的优化起着至关重要的作用。过去，潜在药物靶点的生物活性为未来的药物化学和化学生物学打开了广阔的大门。强效三唑在适当领域的影响在过去12年的回顾中是倾斜的，这将有助于世界各地的研究人员发现化学和生物学。

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引用次数: 0

Nitrofuranyl derivatives as promising antitubercular agents: Structural insights and drug discovery perspectives 硝基呋喃基衍生物作为有前途的抗结核药物：结构见解和药物发现观点

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100314

Afreen N , Smriti Sharma

The emergence of MDR (multidrug-resistant) and XDR (extensively drug-resistant) variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has contributed to the universal resurgence of tuberculosis (TB). Nitrofuran-based compounds, traditionally used as antibacterial agents, have recently gained attention for their potential antitubercular properties. This review presents a comprehensive overview of structural classes of nitrofuran derivatives—including nitrofuranylamides, hydrazides, triazoles, spirocyclic hybrids, and prodrugs—and their corresponding structure–activity relationships, efficacy profiles, and safety evaluations. Several lead compounds exhibit potent in vitro as well as in vivo activity, often surpassing the effectiveness of existing TB drugs while maintaining favorable cytotoxicity and selectivity indices. Repurposing strategies and chemical modifications have significantly improved their pharmacological profiles, offering promising avenues for TB drug discovery. While current findings are encouraging, further mechanistic studies, pharmacokinetic optimization, and translational research are essential to advance nitrofuran derivatives toward clinical application. This review underscores the therapeutic value of nitrofuran scaffolds and supports their continued exploration as viable candidates in the global effort to combat TB.

多药耐药（MDR）和广泛耐药（XDR）结核分枝杆菌变体的出现导致结核病的普遍死灰复燃。硝基呋喃类化合物，传统上被用作抗菌剂，最近因其潜在的抗结核特性而受到关注。本文综述了硝基呋喃衍生物的结构类别，包括硝基呋喃酰胺、肼、三唑、螺环杂化物和前药，以及它们相应的构效关系、疗效概况和安全性评价。一些先导化合物在体外和体内都表现出强大的活性，通常超过现有结核病药物的有效性，同时保持良好的细胞毒性和选择性指数。重新利用策略和化学修饰显著改善了它们的药理学特征，为结核病药物的发现提供了有希望的途径。虽然目前的发现令人鼓舞，但进一步的机制研究、药代动力学优化和转化研究对于推进硝基呋喃衍生物的临床应用至关重要。这篇综述强调了硝基呋喃支架的治疗价值，并支持将其作为全球抗结核努力的可行候选药物继续探索。

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引用次数: 0