废水和饮用水中的放射性元素:来源、影响以及分析和清除方法。

IF 2.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Water Environment Research Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI:10.1002/wer.11106
Shubham Sharma, Vivek Sharma, Ankit Mittal, Dipak Kumar Das, Sonika Sethi, Suman Yadav, Bhaskar Vallamkonda, Vinod Kumar Vashistha
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引用次数: 0

摘要

来自核电厂、医疗核应用和全球各种开采业的放射性废水是一项重大而危险的污染挑战。废水、地表水和饮用水中放射性物质的浓度因来源和地点不同而有很大差异。例如,核设施废水中的铯-137 含量从 0.1 到 10 Bq/L,而核电站附近地表水中的氚浓度可高达 100 Bq/L。监管准则,如饮用水中镭-226 和镭-228 的合计最大污染物含量为 0.185 Bq/L,对于确保安全和环境保护至关重要。具体而言,在日本福岛,由于核事故,地表水中的铯-137 含量从 0.1 到 10 Bq/L 不等。相比之下,美国部分地区等拥有天然铀矿床的地区,据报道饮用水中的镭-226 浓度高达 1 Bq/L。这些差异凸显了进行重点监测和评估以保护水质和社区健康的必要性。在各种方法中,伽马光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法可精确地进行放射性核素定量,闪烁探测器、离子交换和吸附技术可有效地去除水中的放射性物质。这篇重要评论探讨了废水中各种放射性元素的来源、不良影响以及分析和补救策略。通过全面评估与放射性废水相关的来源和潜在危险,本报告强调了对严格监控和有效处理方法的迫切需要,以维护水资源和生态系统的完整性。实践要点:全面分析废水和饮用水中常见的放射性元素。评估水系统中放射性元素的负面影响。研究用于消除水源中放射性污染物的处理方法。概述处理和控制放射性污染事件的有效方法和策略。分析最新的技术进步、监管改进和最佳方法,以确保饮用水安全和废水中放射性物质的可持续处理。
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Radioactive elements in wastewater and potable water: Sources, effects, and methods of analysis and removal.

Radioactive effluents, originating from nuclear power plants, medical-nuclear applications, and various extraction industries worldwide, present a significant and dangerous contamination challenge. The concentrations of radioactive substances in wastewater, surface water, and potable water vary widely depending on the source and location. For example, cesium-137 levels in wastewater from nuclear facilities can range from 0.1 to 10 Bq/L, while tritium concentrations in surface water near nuclear plants can reach up to 100 Bq/L. Regulatory guidelines, like the maximum contaminant level of 0.185 Bq/L for combined radium-226 and radium-228 in drinking water, are critical for ensuring safety and environmental protection. Specifically, in Fukushima, Japan, cesium-137 levels in surface water range from 0.1 to 10 Bq/L due to the nuclear accident. In contrast, regions with natural uranium deposits, like parts of the United States, have reported radium-226 concentrations in potable water up to 1 Bq/L. These variations highlight the necessity for focused monitoring and evaluation to protect water quality and community health. Among various methods, Gamma spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are precise for radionuclide quantification, scintillation detectors, and ion exchange, and adsorption techniques efficiently remove radioactive substances from water. This critical review examines the sources, adverse effects, and analysis and remediation strategies for various radioactive elements in wastewater. By thoroughly evaluating the origins and potential dangers associated with radioactive effluents, this report emphasizes the urgent need for rigorous monitoring and effective treatment practices to maintain the integrity of water resources and ecosystems. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Comprehensive analysis of the radioactive elements frequently found in wastewater and drinking water. Assess the negative effects of radioactive elements in water systems. Examine the treatment methods used to eliminate radioactive pollutants from water sources. Outline effective methods and tactics for addressing and controlling radioactive contamination occurrences. Analyze the latest advancements in technology, regulatory enhancements, and optimal methods to guarantee the safety of drinking water and the sustainable handling of radioactive substances in wastewater.

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来源期刊
Water Environment Research
Water Environment Research 环境科学-工程:环境
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
138
审稿时长
11 months
期刊介绍: Published since 1928, Water Environment Research (WER) is an international multidisciplinary water resource management journal for the dissemination of fundamental and applied research in all scientific and technical areas related to water quality and resource recovery. WER''s goal is to foster communication and interdisciplinary research between water sciences and related fields such as environmental toxicology, agriculture, public and occupational health, microbiology, and ecology. In addition to original research articles, short communications, case studies, reviews, and perspectives are encouraged.
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