The emerging role of nanozymes in ocular antioxidant therapy

Oxidative stress significantly contributes to various ocular diseases, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This manuscript explores nanozymes which are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities, as potential therapeutic agents for oxidative stress-related eye diseases. The rising global incidence of visual impairments underscores the urgent requirement for effective, adaptable, and safe therapeutic options. We detail how oxidative stress damages ocular tissues, the limitations of natural antioxidants, and discuss the benefits of nanozymes, such as their stability, multi-enzyme activity, and enhanced drug delivery capabilities. Our review covers nanozyme applications in various eye diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, optic neuritis, cataracts, dry eye syndrome, chemical corneal burns, and uveitis. We also explore innovative delivery methods, such as microneedles, contact lenses, and hydrogels, which can enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of nanozymes. The manuscript concludes by emphasizing the existing limitations and the promising future of nanozymes in ocular antioxidant therapy. With their multi-enzyme activity and improved delivery systems, nanozymes represent a significant advancement over traditional treatments, offering new hope for managing and potentially curing various oxidative stress-related eye diseases.