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Bimetallic coupled porous SiC for multi-band and high-temperature electromagnetic wave response

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102770

Xiaojun Zeng , Xiaomei Deng , Jun Huang , Yanfeng Gao , Hualiang Lv

Developing electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials with multi-band response is a daunting challenge for new electronic devices and radar stealth due to the intrinsic dielectric or magnetic properties of the material. Particularly, traditional multi-band responsive magnetic composite has become a research bottleneck due to magnetic decay at high temperatures. Herein, we use dielectric SiC derived from the ordered mesoporous silicon template to combine with magnetic metal compounds to achieve multi-band response characteristics and high-temperature absorption performance that traditional SiC-metal composite absorbers cannot achieve. The constructed bimetal-doped SiC composite inherits abundant components (SiC, FeSi, and CoSi), unique structures, and numerous defects (vacancies and stacking faults), which promote the multi-band response behavior of CoSi/SiC and FeSi/CoSi/SiC composites, covering the C, X, and Ku bands. The FeSi/CoSi/SiC composites achieve a reflection loss (R_L) value of − 53.13 dB at a matching thickness of only 1.63 mm. Furthermore, FeSi/CoSi/SiC composite still maintains outstanding EMW absorption performance after high-temperature oxidation (550 ℃). Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the multi-level structure, abundant defects and heterointerfaces, and magnetic elements in the composite contribute to its impedance matching, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss capabilities, thus promoting multi-band response characteristics. Therefore, this work provides a strategy for constructing multi-band responsive materials, which can provide initiatives for other fields such as dielectrics, optical responses, and flexible electronics.

{"title":"Bimetallic coupled porous SiC for multi-band and high-temperature electromagnetic wave response","authors":"Xiaojun Zeng , Xiaomei Deng , Jun Huang , Yanfeng Gao , Hualiang Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials with multi-band response is a daunting challenge for new electronic devices and radar stealth due to the intrinsic dielectric or magnetic properties of the material. Particularly, traditional multi-band responsive magnetic composite has become a research bottleneck due to magnetic decay at high temperatures. Herein, we use dielectric SiC derived from the ordered mesoporous silicon template to combine with magnetic metal compounds to achieve multi-band response characteristics and high-temperature absorption performance that traditional SiC-metal composite absorbers cannot achieve. The constructed bimetal-doped SiC composite inherits abundant components (SiC, FeSi, and CoSi), unique structures, and numerous defects (vacancies and stacking faults), which promote the multi-band response behavior of CoSi/SiC and FeSi/CoSi/SiC composites, covering the C, X, and Ku bands. The FeSi/CoSi/SiC composites achieve a reflection loss (<em>R</em><sub>L</sub>) value of − 53.13 dB at a matching thickness of only 1.63 mm. Furthermore, FeSi/CoSi/SiC composite still maintains outstanding EMW absorption performance after high-temperature oxidation (550 ℃). Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the multi-level structure, abundant defects and heterointerfaces, and magnetic elements in the composite contribute to its impedance matching, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss capabilities, thus promoting multi-band response characteristics. Therefore, this work provides a strategy for constructing multi-band responsive materials, which can provide initiatives for other fields such as dielectrics, optical responses, and flexible electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102770"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlative transmission electron and soft x-ray microscopy for bridging length scales and functional properties in nanoscience and materials research

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102732

Armin Kleibert , C.A.F. Vaz , Rolf Erni

Transmission electron and soft x-ray microscopy have contributed significantly to our understanding of phenomena in fields ranging from biology to materials science by providing highly complementary information from the atomic level to the nano- and micrometre scale, including from structural, electronic, magnetic, and chemical perspectives. However, correlative transmission electron and soft x-ray microscopy investigations on the very same samples that take full advantage of their complementary imaging and spectroscopic capabilities are surprisingly rare. In this review, we focus on the most recent developments in combining the various types of transmission electron and soft x-ray microscopy techniques including progress in sample environment, in situ and operando techniques. Based on recent research examples ranging from nanocatalysis to functional materials and 2D materials, we highlight the unique opportunities promised by fully correlative transmission electron and soft x-ray microscopy approaches.

引用次数: 0

Targeting a key pro-fibrotic factor S100A4 in cartilage to alleviate osteoarthritis progression and pain

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102755

Shitang Song , Xu Ma , Xingfan Li , Bingbing Xu , Weishuo Li , Ronghui Deng , Jing Ye , Zongran Liu , Haoqi Yu , Luzheng Xu , Shuhui Zhang , Donghui Yang , Mali Zu , Tianjiao Ji , Guangjun Nie , Jia-Kuo Yu

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease marked by cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation and pain, which seriously affects life quality of patients. However, due to unclear pathological mechanisms, there is still lack of specific targets at the molecular level for OA treatment. Since OA-related cartilage displays pathological features of fibrosis, such as increased secretion of collagen I (COL I) but decreased secretion of collagen II (COL II), and cartilage fibrosis is usually defined as a final-stage of OA, we hypothesized that fibrosis related factors could promote OA progression. By combining public databases with pathological analysis of clinical OA immunohistochemistry samples, we found that a key pro-fibrotic factor, S100A4, also named fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1), was overexpressed by OA chondrocytes and positively related with OA progression. To investigate if S100A4 can be a therapeutic target of OA, we designed cartilage-targeting lipid nanoparticles (CT-LNP) loading S100A4 siRNA (CT-LNP-siA4) to silence the S100A4 gene in OA chondrocytes. In both mouse and rat OA models, CT-LNP-siA4 could significantly downregulate the expression of S100A4 and OA phenotype-related molecules, such as COL I, MMP-13, and IL-6, inhibiting OA progression and chronic pain. This study validated S100A4 as a potential molecular target and proved that the corresponding LNP drug formulation was effective for the OA treatment at various animal models.

{"title":"Targeting a key pro-fibrotic factor S100A4 in cartilage to alleviate osteoarthritis progression and pain","authors":"Shitang Song , Xu Ma , Xingfan Li , Bingbing Xu , Weishuo Li , Ronghui Deng , Jing Ye , Zongran Liu , Haoqi Yu , Luzheng Xu , Shuhui Zhang , Donghui Yang , Mali Zu , Tianjiao Ji , Guangjun Nie , Jia-Kuo Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease marked by cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation and pain, which seriously affects life quality of patients. However, due to unclear pathological mechanisms, there is still lack of specific targets at the molecular level for OA treatment. Since OA-related cartilage displays pathological features of fibrosis, such as increased secretion of collagen I (COL I) but decreased secretion of collagen II (COL II), and cartilage fibrosis is usually defined as a final-stage of OA, we hypothesized that fibrosis related factors could promote OA progression. By combining public databases with pathological analysis of clinical OA immunohistochemistry samples, we found that a key pro-fibrotic factor, S100A4, also named fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1), was overexpressed by OA chondrocytes and positively related with OA progression. To investigate if S100A4 can be a therapeutic target of OA, we designed <u>c</u>artilage-<u>t</u>argeting <u>l</u>ipid <u>n</u>ano<u>p</u>articles (CT-LNP) loading S100A4 siRNA (CT-LNP-siA4) to silence the S100A4 gene in OA chondrocytes. In both mouse and rat OA models, CT-LNP-siA4 could significantly downregulate the expression of S100A4 and OA phenotype-related molecules, such as COL I, MMP-13, and IL-6, inhibiting OA progression and chronic pain. This study validated S100A4 as a potential molecular target and proved that the corresponding LNP drug formulation was effective for the OA treatment at various animal models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102755"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

NTR rapidly activated photosensitizers for high-signal-to-noise imaging and type I photodynamic therapy

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102768

Xingwei Li , Jiahong Ai , Yurong Zhang , Fangjun Huo , Caixia Yin

Although nitroreductase (NTR) response-based photosensitive dyes have been widely developed for active photodynamic therapy, their small Stokes shift, uncontrolled enzymatic reaction rates, and poor photodynamic effect have resulted in unsatisfactory biological imaging and therapeutic applications of dyes. In particular, the sensitivity of the probe is more required to reveal the relationship between hypoxia-inducible factors-1α (HIF-1α) and NTR. Traditional hemicyanine dyes by the introduction of benzyl nitrobenzene were used for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. Due to the relatively weak electron-withdrawing contribution of indole salt, the dye has longer absorption wavelength and slow response to NTR with a small Stokes shift. Thus, we choose pyridine salt with strong electron-withdrawing ability to replace the indole part. The increased ability to electron-withdrawing leads to an uneven charge distribution, which shortens the conjugation length resulting in the absorption blue shift and the Stokes shift increasing. Further, the nitro group directly was connected on the other side of the fluorophore to improve the reduction potential of the dye. In this way, not only NTR can respond nitro quickly, but also photosensitive dye is prone to electron transfer, which can realize type I photodynamic therapy. Interestingly, we found that the HIF-1α can regulate NTR level through bioimaging with such a well-performing probe, and that inhibitors of HIF-1α can inhibit the expression of NTR, while inhibitors of NTR are ineffective in inhibiting HIF-1α.

{"title":"NTR rapidly activated photosensitizers for high-signal-to-noise imaging and type I photodynamic therapy","authors":"Xingwei Li , Jiahong Ai , Yurong Zhang , Fangjun Huo , Caixia Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although nitroreductase (NTR) response-based photosensitive dyes have been widely developed for active photodynamic therapy, their small Stokes shift, uncontrolled enzymatic reaction rates, and poor photodynamic effect have resulted in unsatisfactory biological imaging and therapeutic applications of dyes. In particular, the sensitivity of the probe is more required to reveal the relationship between hypoxia-inducible factors-1α (HIF-1α) and NTR. Traditional hemicyanine dyes by the introduction of benzyl nitrobenzene were used for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. Due to the relatively weak electron-withdrawing contribution of indole salt, the dye has longer absorption wavelength and slow response to NTR with a small Stokes shift. Thus, we choose pyridine salt with strong electron-withdrawing ability to replace the indole part. The increased ability to electron-withdrawing leads to an uneven charge distribution, which shortens the conjugation length resulting in the absorption blue shift and the Stokes shift increasing. Further, the nitro group directly was connected on the other side of the fluorophore to improve the reduction potential of the dye. In this way, not only NTR can respond nitro quickly, but also photosensitive dye is prone to electron transfer, which can realize type I photodynamic therapy. Interestingly, we found that the HIF-1α can regulate NTR level through bioimaging with such a well-performing probe, and that inhibitors of HIF-1α can inhibit the expression of NTR, while inhibitors of NTR are ineffective in inhibiting HIF-1α.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102768"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

“Thermal bubbles”: Photothermally triggered by a carbon monoxide nanocontainer for antibiosis and immune modulation therapy

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102758

Tiexin Ding , Lan Zhang , Jun Chen , Dayan Ma , Jing Han , Yong Han

Carbon monoxide (CO) has multi-biofunctions, including antibiosis and immunoregulation, promising great therapeutic potential. However, poor controllability of releasing, unbalanced dose for antibiosis and cytocompatibility, and unexplored antibacterial mechanism, limit its practical application. To address these issues, a photo-responsive COT nanocontainer is designed on Ti by loading thermosensitive CO donors in PDA-modified TiO₂ nanotubes. The nanocontainer shows outstanding photothermal properties, so as to break the Mn-CO bonds of CO donors under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, generating thermal CO bubbles on-demand by regulating NIR power, and thus realizing different therapy modes. At antibacterial mode of COT with high-power NIR irradiation (e.g., 0.7 W cm⁻²), abundant hyperthermal CO bubbles from COT kill bacteria efficiently by inducing bacterial ferroptosis, which is demonstrated by hallmarks of overloaded Fe ions, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, etc. At immunoregulation mode with low-power NIR irradiation (e.g., 0.3 W cm⁻²), mild thermal CO bubbles help macrophages to polarize into anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and they combine with cytokines from M2 macrophages to promote fibroblast response. These dual therapy modes of COT are verified to kill bacteria, modulate immunoreaction, and accelerate tissue repair in infected models. This study provides a controllable therapy strategy for using CO in treating infection and improving tissue regeneration.

{"title":"“Thermal bubbles”: Photothermally triggered by a carbon monoxide nanocontainer for antibiosis and immune modulation therapy","authors":"Tiexin Ding , Lan Zhang , Jun Chen , Dayan Ma , Jing Han , Yong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon monoxide (CO) has multi-biofunctions, including antibiosis and immunoregulation, promising great therapeutic potential. However, poor controllability of releasing, unbalanced dose for antibiosis and cytocompatibility, and unexplored antibacterial mechanism, limit its practical application. To address these issues, a photo-responsive COT nanocontainer is designed on Ti by loading thermosensitive CO donors in PDA-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes. The nanocontainer shows outstanding photothermal properties, so as to break the Mn-CO bonds of CO donors under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, generating thermal CO bubbles on-demand by regulating NIR power, and thus realizing different therapy modes. At antibacterial mode of COT with high-power NIR irradiation (e.g., 0.7 W cm<sup>−2</sup>), abundant hyperthermal CO bubbles from COT kill bacteria efficiently by inducing bacterial ferroptosis, which is demonstrated by hallmarks of overloaded Fe ions, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, etc. At immunoregulation mode with low-power NIR irradiation (e.g., 0.3 W cm<sup>−2</sup>), mild thermal CO bubbles help macrophages to polarize into anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and they combine with cytokines from M2 macrophages to promote fibroblast response. These dual therapy modes of COT are verified to kill bacteria, modulate immunoreaction, and accelerate tissue repair in infected models. This study provides a controllable therapy strategy for using CO in treating infection and improving tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102758"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-functional lipid nanoformulations for enhancing the efficacy of mRNA tumor vaccines by reversing tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment 通过逆转肿瘤免疫抑制微环境提高 mRNA 肿瘤疫苗疗效的多功能脂质纳米制剂

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102757

Yufeng Zhang , Liuwei Zhang , Hui Gao , Shubo Du , Qixian Chen , Xueguang Lu , Jiaqi Lin

mRNA tumor vaccines relying solely on the immune killing effect are inadequate for achieving efficient tumor suppression, primarily because tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME) significantly impedes the function of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To enhance the efficacy of mRNA vaccines, we developed a tumor-targeted nanoformulation co-loaded with a CPT-derived SN38 prodrug and siPD-L1 (RSLNP/siPD-L1) for co-administration with mRNA vaccines. Low-dose SN38 not only inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells but also induces immunogenic cell death, which, in combination with siPD-L1-mediated immune checkpoint blockade can jointly reverse TIME. Antitumor studies showed that RSLNP/siPD-L1 increased the tumor inhibition rate of mRNA vaccines by 47.7 % in melanoma-bearing mice and by 26.1 % in breast cancer-bearing mice. Immune analysis indicated that RSLNP/siPD-L1 not only promoted the maturation of local antigen-presenting cells as well as the secretion of immune factors, but also enhanced the infiltration, activation, and killing effects of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, transforming “cold tumors” into “hot tumors”. The developed RSLNP/siPD-L1 significantly enhances the antitumor efficacy of mRNA vaccines and provides a new strategy for clinical cancer treatment.

{"title":"Multi-functional lipid nanoformulations for enhancing the efficacy of mRNA tumor vaccines by reversing tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment","authors":"Yufeng Zhang , Liuwei Zhang , Hui Gao , Shubo Du , Qixian Chen , Xueguang Lu , Jiaqi Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>mRNA tumor vaccines relying solely on the immune killing effect are inadequate for achieving efficient tumor suppression, primarily because tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME) significantly impedes the function of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To enhance the efficacy of mRNA vaccines, we developed a tumor-targeted nanoformulation co-loaded with a CPT-derived SN38 prodrug and siPD-L1 (RSLNP/siPD-L1) for co-administration with mRNA vaccines. Low-dose SN38 not only inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells but also induces immunogenic cell death, which, in combination with siPD-L1-mediated immune checkpoint blockade can jointly reverse TIME. Antitumor studies showed that RSLNP/siPD-L1 increased the tumor inhibition rate of mRNA vaccines by 47.7 % in melanoma-bearing mice and by 26.1 % in breast cancer-bearing mice. Immune analysis indicated that RSLNP/siPD-L1 not only promoted the maturation of local antigen-presenting cells as well as the secretion of immune factors, but also enhanced the infiltration, activation, and killing effects of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, transforming “cold tumors” into “hot tumors”. The developed RSLNP/siPD-L1 significantly enhances the antitumor efficacy of mRNA vaccines and provides a new strategy for clinical cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102757"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In situ TEM study of phase transformation in oxide semiconductors

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102766

Jijun Zhang , Chang-Ming Liu , Charlotte Wouters , Musbah Nofal , Piero Mazzolini , Oliver Bierwagen , Martin Albrecht

Ultra-wide bandgap oxide semiconductors are essential for advanced high-power electronics into the next generation. Despite their theoretical advantages over traditional semiconductors such as GaN and SiC, fully harnessing their potential is hindered by an insufficient understanding of critical material properties, particularly phase formation. One significant challenge is controlling the various polymorphs to create well-defined heterostructures with engineered properties. This review provides an overview of the capabilities and applications of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in semiconductor research, specifically addressing how it enables the study of phase transformations and charge distributions at the atomic level. We begin by introducing modern in situ TEM systems, detailing their advanced features and functionalities that enable real-time observation of dynamic processes at the nanoscale. Next, we explore the studies of phase transformations in Ga₂O₃ and (Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃, with a particular focus on the pioneering work conducted by our group. These studies reveal critical insights into crystallization pathways, phase stability, and phase diagrams, highlighting the role of in-situ TEM in elucidating how these factors influence material properties. Finally, we offer perspectives on the future contributions of in situ TEM techniques, emphasizing their potential to drive semiconductor research forward through enhanced spatial and temporal resolution, improved environmental control, and novel analytical capabilities. This review aims to equip readers with a fundamental understanding of in situ TEM and inspire further advancements in the field of semiconductor materials.

{"title":"In situ TEM study of phase transformation in oxide semiconductors","authors":"Jijun Zhang , Chang-Ming Liu , Charlotte Wouters , Musbah Nofal , Piero Mazzolini , Oliver Bierwagen , Martin Albrecht","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-wide bandgap oxide semiconductors are essential for advanced high-power electronics into the next generation. Despite their theoretical advantages over traditional semiconductors such as GaN and SiC, fully harnessing their potential is hindered by an insufficient understanding of critical material properties, particularly phase formation. One significant challenge is controlling the various polymorphs to create well-defined heterostructures with engineered properties. This review provides an overview of the capabilities and applications of <em>in situ</em> transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in semiconductor research, specifically addressing how it enables the study of phase transformations and charge distributions at the atomic level. We begin by introducing modern <em>in situ</em> TEM systems, detailing their advanced features and functionalities that enable real-time observation of dynamic processes at the nanoscale. Next, we explore the studies of phase transformations in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and (Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, with a particular focus on the pioneering work conducted by our group. These studies reveal critical insights into crystallization pathways, phase stability, and phase diagrams, highlighting the role of in-situ TEM in elucidating how these factors influence material properties. Finally, we offer perspectives on the future contributions of <em>in situ</em> TEM techniques, emphasizing their potential to drive semiconductor research forward through enhanced spatial and temporal resolution, improved environmental control, and novel analytical capabilities. This review aims to equip readers with a fundamental understanding of <em>in situ</em> TEM and inspire further advancements in the field of semiconductor materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102766"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis drives graphene quantum dots-induced inflammatory response in liver macrophages

IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102756

Xiaomeng Ding , Qing Liu , Yueyue Mu , Yanting Pang , Jiawei Wu , Jialin Lei , Haopeng Zhang , Yuna Cao , Ting Zhang

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), with photoluminescent properties, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility, hold tremendous potential in biomedicine. It is urgent to evaluate their safety and potential health risks to promote their clinical application. Kupffer cells (KCs), as primary immune cells encountered by foreign substances entering the liver and integral to liver immunity, have yet to be systematically studied for toxicity responses to different GQDs. This study focused on three widely used GQDs (OH-GQDs, N-GQDs, and NH₂-GQDs), examining their effects on KCs and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Our findings suggested that the toxicity levels of the three GQDs on KCs are ranked as OH-GQDs > N-GQDs > NH₂-GQDs, with inflammation being the main form of toxic effect, which was a consequence of GQD-induced calcium homeostasis disruption. Specifically, cytoplasmic calcium imbalance caused by GQDs leaded to mitochondrial Ca^2 + overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mtROS generation, which subsequently activated the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammation. Crucially, we identified upstream mechanistic differences in calcium homeostasis disruption induced by each GQDs, with the most toxic OH-GQDs inducing ER stress-mediated Ca²⁺ release, which was closely related to the depletion of GSH caused by the generation of oxygen free radicals (•OH and O₂•−). By tracing Ca²⁺ homeostasis, this work comprehensively mapped the upstream and downstream mechanisms of GQD-induced liver macrophage inflammation, providing new insights into the toxic effects of GQDs. Additionally, linking the intrinsic properties of GQDs, we identified the molecular initiating events of OH-GQDs mediated excessive inflammation in KCs, offering strategies for the de novo safe design of GQDs that target the content of oxygen-containing functional groups and the generation capacity of free radicals, which is of great significance for the development of safe, non-toxic, and efficient GQDs for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

{"title":"Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis drives graphene quantum dots-induced inflammatory response in liver macrophages","authors":"Xiaomeng Ding , Qing Liu , Yueyue Mu , Yanting Pang , Jiawei Wu , Jialin Lei , Haopeng Zhang , Yuna Cao , Ting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), with photoluminescent properties, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility, hold tremendous potential in biomedicine. It is urgent to evaluate their safety and potential health risks to promote their clinical application. Kupffer cells (KCs), as primary immune cells encountered by foreign substances entering the liver and integral to liver immunity, have yet to be systematically studied for toxicity responses to different GQDs. This study focused on three widely used GQDs (OH-GQDs, N-GQDs, and NH<sub>2</sub>-GQDs), examining their effects on KCs and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Our findings suggested that the toxicity levels of the three GQDs on KCs are ranked as OH-GQDs > N-GQDs > NH<sub>2</sub>-GQDs, with inflammation being the main form of toxic effect, which was a consequence of GQD-induced calcium homeostasis disruption. Specifically, cytoplasmic calcium imbalance caused by GQDs leaded to mitochondrial Ca<sup>2 +</sup> overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mtROS generation, which subsequently activated the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammation. Crucially, we identified upstream mechanistic differences in calcium homeostasis disruption induced by each GQDs, with the most toxic OH-GQDs inducing ER stress-mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> release, which was closely related to the depletion of GSH caused by the generation of oxygen free radicals (•OH and O<sub>2</sub>•−). By tracing Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis, this work comprehensively mapped the upstream and downstream mechanisms of GQD-induced liver macrophage inflammation, providing new insights into the toxic effects of GQDs. Additionally, linking the intrinsic properties of GQDs, we identified the molecular initiating events of OH-GQDs mediated excessive inflammation in KCs, offering strategies for the de novo safe design of GQDs that target the content of oxygen-containing functional groups and the generation capacity of free radicals, which is of great significance for the development of safe, non-toxic, and efficient GQDs for clinical diagnosis and treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"63 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/S1748-0132(25)00136-7

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IF 13.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/S1748-0132(25)00137-9

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