Stereotactic radio-neurosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas.

Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) represents a minimally invasive and valuable alternative for jugular foramen schwannomas (JFS), both as upfront and/or adjuvant treatment (in hybrid approaches).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of our cases treated at the Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) from June 2010 to October 2023. Eleven patients underwent SRS, among whom three had prior surgery, two in our center in the frame of a planned combined approach and one in another center. Two patients received "volume-staged" SRS. The mean age at SRS was 60 years (median 68; range 29-83). Cranial nerve (CN) symptoms were present in six patients, while five were asymptomatic. The mean tumor volume at SRS was 2.1 cc (median 1.2; range 0.068-7.3 cc), with a 12 Gy marginal dose prescribed in all cases.

Results: The mean follow-up period was 3.9 years (median 2, range 1-7). Cranial nerve function improved after SRS in six patients, while five remained stable. At the last follow-up, all tumors showed a decrease in volume, except for one patient, who underwent surgery at 18 months after SRS, for volumetric increase at 6 and 12 months, with further XII^-th CN palsy and medulla oblongata compression. Although tumor decreased at 18 months, such patient needed microsurgical resection for symptom persistence and was further controlled. The mean tumor volume at 1 year post-SRS was 1.6 cc (median 0.55; range 0.028-7.77 cc), at 2 years was 1.31 cc (median 0.76; range 0.19-5), and at 3 years was 1.32 cc (median 0.59; range 0.23-4.8). No adverse radiation events were observed.

Conclusions: Stereotactic radiosurgery is considered a safe and effective treatment for jugular foramen schwannomas, ensuring high rates of tumor control in all patients over the long term. The cranial nerve function improved after SRS in the 6 patients who had deficits and the other 5 patients who had no deficits remained asymptomatic. For larger tumors, combined/hybrid approaches can be a valuable alternative, to obtain tumor control and to preserve neurological function.