Estimating energy left in discarded alkaline batteries: Evaluating consumption and recovery opportunities

Each year, a significant number of single-use alkaline batteries with untapped energy are discarded. This study aims to analyze the usage patterns of alkaline batteries based on a dataset of 1021 used batteries, ranging from Size AA to 9V, collected from households in the State of New York. We measure the energy loss resulting from underutilized batteries and examine the corresponding environmental and economic impacts on a national scale. Discarded AA alkaline batteries maintain about 13 % of their initial energy, that results in an estimated annual energy loss of 660 MWh for all AA alkaline batteries in the U.S., and about 40 MWh in New York State. Annually in the U.S., consumers discard AA alkaline batteries with approximately $80 million worth of unused energy, including $4.8 million in New York State alone. We also show that the lifecycle impact of batteries should be multiplied by 1.25 to account for their underutilization. To address these issues, we propose actionable recommendations for improving battery consumption practices and facilitating End-of-Life/Use (EoL/U) recovery processes. The findings show the need for policy interventions to better manage battery usage and disposal toward reducing energy waste and mitigating environmental impacts.