Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.034
Alena Maria Spies, Nils Kroell, Annika Ludes, Bastian Küppers, Karoline Raulf, Kathrin Greiff
The recycling of paper and board (PB) yields economic and environmental advantages compared to primary paper production. However, PB from lightweight packaging (LWP) waste is currently not comprehensively reintegrated into the paper value stream. To develop an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP, PB quantities, qualities, and fluctuations ranges in LWP are required. Currently, no sufficient database is available. Therefore, we developed a methodical approach and conducted a case study to access the PB potential in LWP sorting plants using manual analysis and sensor-based material flow monitoring. Differences resulting from seasonal variations, materials from different settlement structures, and fluctuation ranges in LWP composition over two weeks have been investigated. PB contents in the input of 6.5 wt% (ww) and 5.9 wt% (ww) were determined for winter and summer sampling campaigns, respectively. The PB product stream amounted to 5.7 wt% (ww, winter) and 4.8 wt% (ww, summer). Around 45 wt% (ww) of PB from the PB product stream was classified as misplaced by the consumer and should have been discarded in separate paper collections. Based on the determined PB quantities and qualities, a potential of usable and in the PB product stream available PB in LWP was determined. The technically available and usable PB potential in German LWP waste amounts to 89,000 to 100,000tons per year (average PB yield of around 65 wt% (ww)). The methodical approach can be adapted for sorting plant balances. The results can contribute to developing an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP.
{"title":"Assessing the resource potential of paper and board in lightweight packaging waste sorting plants through manual analysis and sensor-based material flow monitoring.","authors":"Alena Maria Spies, Nils Kroell, Annika Ludes, Bastian Küppers, Karoline Raulf, Kathrin Greiff","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recycling of paper and board (PB) yields economic and environmental advantages compared to primary paper production. However, PB from lightweight packaging (LWP) waste is currently not comprehensively reintegrated into the paper value stream. To develop an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP, PB quantities, qualities, and fluctuations ranges in LWP are required. Currently, no sufficient database is available. Therefore, we developed a methodical approach and conducted a case study to access the PB potential in LWP sorting plants using manual analysis and sensor-based material flow monitoring. Differences resulting from seasonal variations, materials from different settlement structures, and fluctuation ranges in LWP composition over two weeks have been investigated. PB contents in the input of 6.5 wt% (ww) and 5.9 wt% (ww) were determined for winter and summer sampling campaigns, respectively. The PB product stream amounted to 5.7 wt% (ww, winter) and 4.8 wt% (ww, summer). Around 45 wt% (ww) of PB from the PB product stream was classified as misplaced by the consumer and should have been discarded in separate paper collections. Based on the determined PB quantities and qualities, a potential of usable and in the PB product stream available PB in LWP was determined. The technically available and usable PB potential in German LWP waste amounts to 89,000 to 100,000tons per year (average PB yield of around 65 wt% (ww)). The methodical approach can be adapted for sorting plant balances. The results can contribute to developing an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP.</p>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"189 ","pages":"196-210"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.019
Antonio Gallardo, Mar Carlos, Francisco J Colomer-Mendoza, Víctor G Muzaber, Cristobal Badenes Catalán, Héctor Moreno Solaz, Vicente Apolinar Roig, Vicente Colás Ramos
Absorbent hygiene products (AHP) are single-use materials that are discarded after use. These products include diapers for babies and adults, menstrual pads, absorbent pads, and other personal hygiene items that represent a significant proportion of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this research, the impact of a pilot campaign for the separation of these AHP in a neighborhood of a city in eastern Spain has been studied. To this end, firstly, the percentages of AHP existing in the mixed waste bin (MWB) before and after the campaign were determined. A significant decrease in these materials was observed in the MWB (from 5 % to 3 % before-after the campaign). Secondly, the composition of AHP in the two types of selective collection bins (small red bins [SRB] located at the curbside and big red bins [BRB] for door-to-door collection in high-generation establishments such as nursing homes, kindergartens, etc.) was verified. Adults' diapers were the most abundant fraction (46 %-63 %), especially in door-to-door collection. The generation rate of this type of waste (17 kg/inhab-year) and the efficiency of each type of collection were also determined. Finally, the chemical properties (humidity, heating value, volatile solids, ashes, chlorides, bromides, metals, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen) of the AHP collected in the three types of containers (MWB, SRB, and BRB) were determined with the aim of proposing the possible recycling of this waste or energy recovery from it. It was observed that AHP from selective collection had better properties for recovery.
{"title":"Selective collection of absorbent hygienic products: The results of a pilot test and waste characterization.","authors":"Antonio Gallardo, Mar Carlos, Francisco J Colomer-Mendoza, Víctor G Muzaber, Cristobal Badenes Catalán, Héctor Moreno Solaz, Vicente Apolinar Roig, Vicente Colás Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Absorbent hygiene products (AHP) are single-use materials that are discarded after use. These products include diapers for babies and adults, menstrual pads, absorbent pads, and other personal hygiene items that represent a significant proportion of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this research, the impact of a pilot campaign for the separation of these AHP in a neighborhood of a city in eastern Spain has been studied. To this end, firstly, the percentages of AHP existing in the mixed waste bin (MWB) before and after the campaign were determined. A significant decrease in these materials was observed in the MWB (from 5 % to 3 % before-after the campaign). Secondly, the composition of AHP in the two types of selective collection bins (small red bins [SRB] located at the curbside and big red bins [BRB] for door-to-door collection in high-generation establishments such as nursing homes, kindergartens, etc.) was verified. Adults' diapers were the most abundant fraction (46 %-63 %), especially in door-to-door collection. The generation rate of this type of waste (17 kg/inhab-year) and the efficiency of each type of collection were also determined. Finally, the chemical properties (humidity, heating value, volatile solids, ashes, chlorides, bromides, metals, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen) of the AHP collected in the three types of containers (MWB, SRB, and BRB) were determined with the aim of proposing the possible recycling of this waste or energy recovery from it. It was observed that AHP from selective collection had better properties for recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"191 ","pages":"212-219"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.017
Song Feng, Yahua Zheng, Hongwei Liu, Guangyao Li, Xin Qian
The huge amount of leachate generated in landfills causes persistent pollution to soil and groundwater. Landfill cover is vital for reducing leachate generation through reducing rainwater infiltration. Yet, the traditional cover with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) is only applicable in reducing rainwater percolation at its base in arid or semi-arid region. To solve this problem, a novel capillary barrier cover is proposed, which adds multiple gravel-segments to the traditional CCBE to form the zipper-shape interface between fine- and coarse-grained soils. Hydraulic response of this zippered CCBE is numerically investigated considering different gravel-segment sizes, drainage-ditch widths and climate conditions. It is found that the zippered CCBE has a lower water percolation than the traditional one by up to 57 %. It is because the capillary barrier effects along the right side-wall of gravel-segment leads to water accumulation and hence water percolation near its base, facilitating reducing water percolation using drainage ditch below the gravel-segment. Moreover, water percolation increases when the gravel-segment height exceeds 0.3 times thickness of fine-grained soil or the gravel-segment width increases, due to reduction of water storage in fine-grained soil. Under the recorded annual precipitation of 1235 mm in the semi-humid region in China, the annual percolation of the traditional and zippered CCBEs are 84 mm/year and 36 mm/year, respectively. Thus, the zippered CCBE might extent the applicability of the traditional CCBE from arid or semi-arid region to semi-humid region.
{"title":"Numerical study of rainfall percolation through a novel capillary barrier cover with a zipper-shape interface between fine- and coarse-grained soils.","authors":"Song Feng, Yahua Zheng, Hongwei Liu, Guangyao Li, Xin Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The huge amount of leachate generated in landfills causes persistent pollution to soil and groundwater. Landfill cover is vital for reducing leachate generation through reducing rainwater infiltration. Yet, the traditional cover with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) is only applicable in reducing rainwater percolation at its base in arid or semi-arid region. To solve this problem, a novel capillary barrier cover is proposed, which adds multiple gravel-segments to the traditional CCBE to form the zipper-shape interface between fine- and coarse-grained soils. Hydraulic response of this zippered CCBE is numerically investigated considering different gravel-segment sizes, drainage-ditch widths and climate conditions. It is found that the zippered CCBE has a lower water percolation than the traditional one by up to 57 %. It is because the capillary barrier effects along the right side-wall of gravel-segment leads to water accumulation and hence water percolation near its base, facilitating reducing water percolation using drainage ditch below the gravel-segment. Moreover, water percolation increases when the gravel-segment height exceeds 0.3 times thickness of fine-grained soil or the gravel-segment width increases, due to reduction of water storage in fine-grained soil. Under the recorded annual precipitation of 1235 mm in the semi-humid region in China, the annual percolation of the traditional and zippered CCBEs are 84 mm/year and 36 mm/year, respectively. Thus, the zippered CCBE might extent the applicability of the traditional CCBE from arid or semi-arid region to semi-humid region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"191 ","pages":"220-229"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The treatment of food waste by anaerobic digestion (AD) still faces several challenges. Fractionating the waste, with a screw press separator, into a liquid phase rich in soluble compounds and a solid fraction could contribute to reduce these challenges, provided that the solid fraction is valorized. To do so, hydrothermal carbonization was shown to be a promising option. Indeed, HTC produced a hydrochar having an energy content 8–38 % higher than the initial feedstock and a process water that could be further converted to methane through anaerobic digestion, with a yield of 160–230 mL CH4 per g of COD. The methane production was shown to be influenced by the recalcitrance of certain HTC products, with hardly no inhibition detected. The integrated 3-step process produces as much energy as conventional anaerobic digestion, while reducing challenges associated to low loading rate and digestate handling.
利用厌氧消化（AD）技术处理厨余垃圾仍然面临着一些挑战。使用螺旋压榨分离器将厨余垃圾分馏为富含可溶性化合物的液相和固态部分，有助于减少这些挑战，但前提是固态部分必须得到有效利用。为此，水热碳化被证明是一种很有前景的选择。事实上，水热碳化产生的水炭的能量含量比初始原料高出 8-38%，其工艺水可通过厌氧消化进一步转化为甲烷，每克 COD 的甲烷产量为 160-230 mL CH4。甲烷产量受到某些 HTC 产物的不稳定性的影响，几乎没有检测到抑制作用。综合三步法产生的能量与传统厌氧消化法不相上下，同时减少了与低负荷率和沼渣处理相关的挑战。
{"title":"Conversion of the solid fraction of food waste separated by a screw press using an integrated hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion process","authors":"Fabrice Tanguay-Rioux , Fanny Monteil-Rivera , Mengwei Ye , Frédérique Matteau Lebrun , Vinicio Vasquez , Fred Ngoundjo , Jean-Claude Frigon , Laurent Spreutels","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of food waste by anaerobic digestion (AD) still faces several challenges. Fractionating the waste, with a screw press separator, into a liquid phase rich in soluble compounds and a solid fraction could contribute to reduce these challenges, provided that the solid fraction is valorized. To do so, hydrothermal carbonization was shown to be a promising option. Indeed, HTC produced a hydrochar having an energy content 8–38 % higher than the initial feedstock and a process water that could be further converted to methane through anaerobic digestion, with a yield of 160–230 mL CH<sub>4</sub> per g of COD. The methane production was shown to be influenced by the recalcitrance of certain HTC products, with hardly no inhibition detected. The integrated 3-step process produces as much energy as conventional anaerobic digestion, while reducing challenges associated to low loading rate and digestate handling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"190 ","pages":"Pages 676-686"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.014
Kamaldeep Sharma, Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, Thomas Helmer Pedersen
Sustainable agriculture is vital for reducing reliance on harmful chemical fertilizers and ensuring environmental and economic stability. Integrating Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) with anaerobic digestion (AD) can improve biomass efficiency and recovery of both energy (liquid fuels) and valuable nutrients, essential for achieving circular bioeconomy. Biogas digestate is rich in nutrients, and the HTL process can concentrate these nutrients in the solid phase, making the resulting product well-suited for agricultural applications. In this study, HTL solids were produced from biogas digestate using a continuous bench-scale HTL pilot plant to assess their potential as direct-use fertilizers. The optimal conditions for keeping contaminants within allowable limits in mineral products were identified by testing various reaction temperatures, with and without the use of a catalyst. The elemental composition of mineral products (2179 and 2181) showed high carbon varying from 51.61 and 48.41 wt%, phosphorus varying from 3.46 to 3.07 wt% and sufficient nitrogen contents varying from 1.19 to 1.13 wt%. Furthermore, carbon stability of 2179 and 2181 was measured to be 1.2 and 0.3, respectively, which indicated good quality of HTL mineral products. Organic contaminants and heavy metals in HTL mineral products obtained after biocrude recirculation cycles using the HTL pilot plant were found to be close to or below the allowed limits set by Danish legislation. Avoidance (EC50 1.62 %) and seed germination (EC50 21.37 %) tests of the mineral product indicated a moderate level of biotoxicity and a substantial plant growth stimulation potential. A maximum amount of 39 kg/ha for 2179 and 55 kg/ha for 2181 is suitable for field use without harming soil organisms. The phosphates recovery from mineral products into phosphorus-based fertilizers like struvite and hydroxyapatite using mild acids and bases as leaching agents showed around 90 % phosphates recovery and 70 % bioavailability. The synthesized fertilizers were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Overall, HTL mineral products present a sustainable alternative for enhancing soil fertility, reducing reliance on harmful chemical fertilizers, and supporting both environmental and economic stability, thereby contributing to a circular economy.
{"title":"Evaluating direct use fertilizer potential of hydrothermal liquefaction solid mineral products: Integrating anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction","authors":"Kamaldeep Sharma, Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, Thomas Helmer Pedersen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable agriculture is vital for reducing reliance on harmful chemical fertilizers and ensuring environmental and economic stability. Integrating Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) with anaerobic digestion (AD) can improve biomass efficiency and recovery of both energy (liquid fuels) and valuable nutrients, essential for achieving circular bioeconomy. Biogas digestate is rich in nutrients, and the HTL process can concentrate these nutrients in the solid phase, making the resulting product well-suited for agricultural applications. In this study, HTL solids were produced from biogas digestate using a continuous bench-scale HTL pilot plant to assess their potential as direct-use fertilizers. The optimal conditions for keeping contaminants within allowable limits in mineral products were identified by testing various reaction temperatures, with and without the use of a catalyst. The elemental composition of mineral products (2179 and 2181) showed high carbon varying from 51.61 and 48.41 wt%, phosphorus varying from 3.46 to 3.07 wt% and sufficient nitrogen contents varying from 1.19 to 1.13 wt%. Furthermore, carbon stability of 2179 and 2181 was measured to be 1.2 and 0.3, respectively, which indicated good quality of HTL mineral products. Organic contaminants and heavy metals in HTL mineral products obtained after biocrude recirculation cycles using the HTL pilot plant were found to be close to or below the allowed limits set by Danish legislation. Avoidance (EC50 1.62 %) and seed germination (EC50 21.37 %) tests of the mineral product indicated a moderate level of biotoxicity and a substantial plant growth stimulation potential. A maximum amount of 39 kg/ha for 2179 and 55 kg/ha for 2181 is suitable for field use without harming soil organisms. The phosphates recovery from mineral products into phosphorus-based fertilizers like struvite and hydroxyapatite using mild acids and bases as leaching agents showed around 90 % phosphates recovery and 70 % bioavailability. The synthesized fertilizers were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Overall, HTL mineral products present a sustainable alternative for enhancing soil fertility, reducing reliance on harmful chemical fertilizers, and supporting both environmental and economic stability, thereby contributing to a circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"191 ","pages":"Pages 203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.009
Jiahui Wang , Zhen Xi , Ruitong Gao , Bo Niu , Zhenming Xu
As a typical e-waste, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), are the most valuable and hazardous components containing all the basic and precious metals as well as toxic substances such as heavy metals, brominated epoxy resins (BERs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Due to their high toxicity and carcinogenicity, effective treatment of BERs and BFRs is the key to achieve the environmental-friendly recycling of WPCBs. Recently, catalysis pyrolysis has proven an efficient and promising approach to removing and recovering bromides from WPCBs. The selection of catalysts and pyrolysis parameters mutually affect the debromination of WPCBs including products and mechanisms. However, there are few studies that focus on analyzing and summarizing the above aspects. Herein, this review first introduces types of catalysts (metals, oxides, hydroxides, molecular sieve, etc.) and figures out that metals are regarded as the most suitable catalysts for WPCBs debromination due to their high efficiency and easy to recycle. Then, the interactive effects of catalyst types and pyrolysis parameters on the debromination efficiency are analyzed, and it was found that temperature ranging from 500 to 600 °C, rapid heating rates, small-size samples and in-situ metals were more suitable for debromination. Moreover, a new idea of in-situ catalysis pyrolysis using self-compositions in WPCBs is highlighted, which point out that the defects of catalysts during the reaction process could promote debromination performance. This review summarizes the key knowledge about catalysis pyrolysis debromination from WPCBs, which will devote to the recycle WPCBs more efficiently and environmental-friendly.
{"title":"Catalysis pyrolysis debromination from waste printed circuit boards: Catalysts selection, parameter effects, products, and mechanisms","authors":"Jiahui Wang , Zhen Xi , Ruitong Gao , Bo Niu , Zhenming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a typical e-waste, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), are the most valuable and hazardous components containing all the basic and precious metals as well as toxic substances such as heavy metals, brominated epoxy resins (BERs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Due to their high toxicity and carcinogenicity, effective treatment of BERs and BFRs is the key to achieve the environmental-friendly recycling of WPCBs. Recently, catalysis pyrolysis has proven an efficient and promising approach to removing and recovering bromides from WPCBs. The selection of catalysts and pyrolysis parameters mutually affect the debromination of WPCBs including products and mechanisms. However, there are few studies that focus on analyzing and summarizing the above aspects. Herein, this review first introduces types of catalysts (metals, oxides, hydroxides, molecular sieve, etc.) and figures out that metals are regarded as the most suitable catalysts for WPCBs debromination due to their high efficiency and easy to recycle. Then, the interactive effects of catalyst types and pyrolysis parameters on the debromination efficiency are analyzed, and it was found that temperature ranging from 500 to 600 °C, rapid heating rates, small-size samples and in-situ metals were more suitable for debromination. Moreover, a new idea of in-situ catalysis pyrolysis using self-compositions in WPCBs is highlighted, which point out that the defects of catalysts during the reaction process could promote debromination performance. This review summarizes the key knowledge about catalysis pyrolysis debromination from WPCBs, which will devote to the recycle WPCBs more efficiently and environmental-friendly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"191 ","pages":"Pages 191-202"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.010
Chunmu Wang, Jiahua Lu, Baojia Qin, Jie Zhu, Jujun Ruan
In order to achieve the goal of dual-carbon strategy, China has vigorously developed the photovoltaic industry. However, the life cycle of photovoltaic panels is limited, resulting in a large number of waste photovoltaic laminated modules. Waste photovoltaic laminated modules contain rich metallic and organic resources, and have high recycling value. In the process of recycling waste photovoltaic laminated modules, decapsulation is a key step. Pyrolysis was considered as the common decapsulation technology, but it would cause problems such as loss of organic resources, producing pyrolytic carbon black and toxic gases. This paper reported a wet decapsulation technology. It employed the combined treatment of thermal field and the solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to swell ethylene vinyl acetate for liberating the materials of waste photovoltaic laminated modules. Under the conditions of 170 °C and 30 min, the 3 cm × 3 cm-sized waste photovoltaic laminated module was completely decapsulated. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was grafted to ethylene vinyl acetate structure, and some new groups were generated, such as N–H and C = O. Calculation results of density functional theory showed that N atom and methylene were active sites in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. They could react with the cross-linked bridge and side chain of ethylene vinyl acetate to form N–H and C = O groups, which made ethylene vinyl acetate lose its viscosity and produce decapsulation effect. This paper presents new scientific information for the eco-friendly wet decapsulation of waste photovoltaic laminated modules.
为实现双碳战略目标，我国大力发展光伏产业。然而，由于光伏板的生命周期有限，产生了大量废旧光伏层压组件。废旧光伏层压组件含有丰富的金属和有机资源，具有很高的回收利用价值。在废旧光伏层压组件的回收利用过程中，脱胶是一个关键步骤。热解被认为是常用的解胶技术，但会造成有机资源损失、产生热解炭黑和有毒气体等问题。本文报告了一种湿法脱胶技术。该技术采用热场和 N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮溶剂的联合处理，使乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯溶胀，从而释放出废弃光伏层压组件的材料。在 170 °C 和 30 分钟的条件下，3 cm × 3 cm 大小的废旧光伏层压组件完全脱胶。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析表明，N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮接枝到乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯结构上，并产生了一些新的基团，如 N-H 和 C=O。它们能与乙烯-醋酸乙烯的交联桥和侧链发生反应，生成 N-H 和 C = O 基团，从而使乙烯-醋酸乙烯失去粘性，产生脱胶效果。本文为废旧光伏层压组件的环保湿法脱胶提供了新的科学信息。
{"title":"Decapsulating waste photovoltaic laminated modules by the combination treatment of thermal field and the solvent of the N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone","authors":"Chunmu Wang, Jiahua Lu, Baojia Qin, Jie Zhu, Jujun Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to achieve the goal of dual-carbon strategy, China has vigorously developed the photovoltaic industry. However, the life cycle of photovoltaic panels is limited, resulting in a large number of waste photovoltaic laminated modules. Waste photovoltaic laminated modules contain rich metallic and organic resources, and have high recycling value. In the process of recycling waste photovoltaic laminated modules, decapsulation is a key step. Pyrolysis was considered as the common decapsulation technology, but it would cause problems such as loss of organic resources, producing pyrolytic carbon black and toxic gases. This paper reported a wet decapsulation technology. It employed the combined treatment of thermal field and the solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to swell ethylene vinyl acetate for liberating the materials of waste photovoltaic laminated modules. Under the conditions of 170 °C and 30 min, the 3 cm × 3 cm-sized waste photovoltaic laminated module was completely decapsulated. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was grafted to ethylene vinyl acetate structure, and some new groups were generated, such as N–H and C = O. Calculation results of density functional theory showed that N atom and methylene were active sites in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. They could react with the cross-linked bridge and side chain of ethylene vinyl acetate to form N–H and C = O groups, which made ethylene vinyl acetate lose its viscosity and produce decapsulation effect. This paper presents new scientific information for the eco-friendly wet decapsulation of waste photovoltaic laminated modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"191 ","pages":"Pages 182-190"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.013
Jia Wen , Yichen Zhou , Han Meng , Qing Yue
The widespread retirement of crystalline silicon solar cells in coming years poses a significant obstacle to sustainable development. Arable soils have experienced a gradual decline in available silicon levels due to intensive agricultural production. Therefore, it is feasible to repurpose recovered waste crystalline silicon cells below cell-reuse benchmark into agriculturally usable resources. This study investigates the impact of photovoltaic crystalline silicon-derived fertilizer (Si group), external silicate-dissolving bacteria (Bac group), and their combination (All group) on early rice nutrient uptake, growth development, and soil physical and chemical properties through a 45-day potting experiment. The combined addition of silicon fertilizer and bacteria significantly improved soil nitrification process (nitrate nitrogen NO3-N increased by 73.5%) and soil organic matter content by 16.2%. The increases in soil-available silicon (by 14.9%) and total potassium (by 19%) in the All and Si were significant. For rice growth, the addition of silicon fertilizer did not have a positive effect on dry matter accumulation and plant height possibly due to the Si threshold effect or K stress. However, the chlorophyll content of the Bac and All treatment groups was enhanced by 25% and 29%, respectively, suggesting the positive effect of bacteria on soil nitrogen utilization. The absorption of potassium by the plants was positively correlated with silicon, and the accumulation of silicon reduced the carbon content of the rice’s aboveground parts by 7.3% to 9.0%. The study provides a feasible solution of recycling and reusing waste crystalline silicon in agricultural applications, and the results also have indicative significance for the sustainable rice production under non-stress environmental conditions.
晶体硅太阳能电池在未来几年的广泛退役对可持续发展构成了重大障碍。由于集约化农业生产，耕地土壤中的可用硅含量逐渐下降。因此，将回收的低于电池重复使用基准的废晶体硅电池重新利用为农业可用资源是可行的。本研究通过为期 45 天的盆栽实验，研究了光伏晶体硅衍生肥料（Si 组）、外部硅酸盐溶解细菌（Bac 组）以及它们的组合（All 组）对早稻养分吸收、生长发育和土壤理化性质的影响。硅肥和细菌的联合施用显著改善了土壤硝化过程（硝态氮 NO3-N 增加了 73.5%），土壤有机质含量增加了 16.2%。土壤中可利用的硅（增加 14.9%）和全钾（增加 19%）在 All 和 Si 中都有显著增加。在水稻生长方面，可能由于硅的阈值效应或钾胁迫，添加硅肥对干物质积累和株高没有积极影响。不过，Bac 和 All 处理组的叶绿素含量分别提高了 25% 和 29%，这表明细菌对土壤氮的利用有积极作用。植物对钾的吸收与硅呈正相关，硅的积累使水稻地上部分的碳含量降低了 7.3% 至 9.0%。该研究为废晶硅在农业应用中的回收和再利用提供了一个可行的解决方案，其结果对非应激环境条件下水稻的可持续生产也具有指导意义。
{"title":"Photovoltaic cell-derived silicon fertilizer and its combined effect with silicate-dissolving bacteria Bacillus aryahattai on rice growing during the tillering stage","authors":"Jia Wen , Yichen Zhou , Han Meng , Qing Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread retirement of crystalline silicon solar cells in coming years poses a significant obstacle to sustainable development. Arable soils have experienced a gradual decline in available silicon levels due to intensive agricultural production. Therefore, it is feasible to repurpose recovered waste crystalline silicon cells below cell-reuse benchmark into agriculturally usable resources. This study investigates the impact of photovoltaic crystalline silicon-derived fertilizer (Si group), external silicate-dissolving bacteria (Bac group), and their combination (All group) on early rice nutrient uptake, growth development, and soil physical and chemical properties through a 45-day potting experiment. The combined addition of silicon fertilizer and bacteria significantly improved soil nitrification process (nitrate nitrogen NO<sub>3</sub>-N increased by 73.5%) and soil organic matter content by 16.2%. The increases in soil-available silicon (by 14.9%) and total potassium (by 19%) in the All and Si were significant. For rice growth, the addition of silicon fertilizer did not have a positive effect on dry matter accumulation and plant height possibly due to the Si threshold effect or K stress. However, the chlorophyll content of the Bac and All treatment groups was enhanced by 25% and 29%, respectively, suggesting the positive effect of bacteria on soil nitrogen utilization. The absorption of potassium by the plants was positively correlated with silicon, and the accumulation of silicon reduced the carbon content of the rice’s aboveground parts by 7.3% to 9.0%. The study provides a feasible solution of recycling and reusing waste crystalline silicon in agricultural applications, and the results also have indicative significance for the sustainable rice production under non-stress environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"191 ","pages":"Pages 160-171"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.006
Ingeborg F. Pedersen , Dorette S. Müller-Stöver , Camilla Lemming , Klara Cecilia Gunnarsen
Biochar pellets produced from the solid fraction of manure-based digestates are rich in phosphorus (P) and may represent a P source that is easy to handle and suitable for transport to P-deficient regions. However, the effect of feedstock composition and particle size on P availability in this type of biochar remains unexplored.
To evaluate the effect of particle size on the short-term P availability in biochars derived from manure digestate solids, an incubation experiment was carried out, in which four biochars produced from digestate solids in powder and pellet form were incubated with three soils of low P content. The recovery of P in bicarbonate and water extracts was measured after 7 and 70 days of incubation. A subsequent pot experiment with barley on two of the soils was aimed at examining early crop recovery of P, comparing the effects of coarse and fine biochar particles.
Biochars from digestate solids had total P contents ranging from 12 to 63 g kg−1. In all three soils, the recovery of P in water and bicarbonate extracts was lower after incubation with biochar pellets compared to powder, and P recovery remained constant or decreased slightly over time. Early shoot biomass and P recovery in barley were also higher when fine biochar particles were applied. The results suggest that particle size reduction improves the immediate availability of P in biochars produced from manure-based digestate solids.
由粪便沼渣固体部分生产的生物炭颗粒富含磷 (P)，可能是一种易于处理且适合运往缺磷地区的磷源。然而，原料成分和颗粒大小对这类生物炭中磷的可用性的影响仍有待探索。为了评估颗粒大小对粪便沼渣固体制备的生物炭中钾的短期可用性的影响，我们进行了一项培养实验，将沼渣固体制备的四种粉末状和颗粒状生物炭与三种钾含量较低的土壤进行培养。培养 7 天和 70 天后，测量了碳酸氢盐和水提取物中 P 的回收率。随后在其中两种土壤上用大麦进行了盆栽实验，目的是考察作物早期的钾回收情况，并比较粗粒和细粒生物炭的效果。来自沼渣固体的生物炭的总磷含量为 12 至 63 克/千克。在所有三种土壤中，与粉末相比，使用生物炭颗粒培养后，水和碳酸氢盐提取物中 P 的回收率较低，而且随着时间的推移，P 的回收率保持不变或略有下降。施用细生物炭颗粒时，大麦的早期芽生物量和钾回收率也更高。结果表明，粒度的减小提高了以粪便为基础的沼渣固体生产的生物炭中 P 的即时可用性。
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Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.003
Özge Östürk Sömek , Fikret Yıldız , Orhan Sevimoğlu
Combustion chamber deposits adversely affect the operating performance of gas engines. In this study, the elemental composition of deposit samples collected from the inner surface of combustion chambers in gas engines across three different facilities was examined using various methods. The proportional changes in metal oxides along the internal cross-sectional surfaces of the deposits were examined to depict the deposit formation process from beginning to end. Additionally, the study investigated the identification of metals accumulated in the engine oil, their contribution to deposit formation, and the accumulation mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles on the engine’s interior metal surfaces. The main elements identified in the deposits from the Odayeri and Kömürcüoda facilities were Si, S, and Ca, whereas deposits from the Dilovası facility contained Si and Sb. These major elements, identified by SEM-EDS, were confirmed through XRF analysis. XRD analysis further confirmed the presence of Ca and S as CaSO4 crystals in the deposits. Ca originates from additives used to increase the total base number of engine oil and control the corrosive effects of landfill gas. It has been determined that silicon accumulates in engine oil over time. An important finding is that metal oxides in the combustion chamber primarily accumulate through impaction, sticking, and thermophoresis mechanisms.
燃烧室沉积物会对燃气发动机的运行性能产生不利影响。在这项研究中，我们使用各种方法检测了从三个不同设备的燃气发动机燃烧室内表面收集的沉积物样本的元素组成。研究了沉积物内部横截面上金属氧化物的比例变化，以描述沉积物自始至终的形成过程。此外，该研究还调查了发动机油中积累的金属的识别、它们对沉积物形成的作用以及金属氧化物纳米颗粒在发动机内部金属表面的积累机制。在 Odayeri 和 Kömürcüoda 工厂的沉积物中发现的主要元素为 Si、S 和 Ca，而在 Dilovası 工厂的沉积物中则含有 Si 和 Sb。通过扫描电子显微镜-电子显微镜 (SEM-EDS) 确定的这些主要元素通过 XRF 分析得到了确认。XRD 分析进一步证实，矿床中的 Ca 和 S 以 CaSO4 晶体的形式存在。钙来自于用于增加机油总碱值和控制垃圾填埋气腐蚀性的添加剂。已确定硅会随着时间的推移在发动机油中累积。一个重要的发现是，燃烧室中的金属氧化物主要是通过撞击、粘附和热泳机制积累起来的。
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