The morphology of internal elastic lamina corrugations in arteries under physiological conditions

Background

In elastic and resistance arteries, an elastin-rich membrane, the Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL), separates the tunica intima from the underlying tunica media. The IEL often appears wrinkled or corrugated in histological images. These corrugations are sometimes ascribed to vessel contraction ex vivo, and to fixation artifacts, and therefore regarded as not physiologically relevant. We examine whether the IEL remains corrugated even under physiological conditions.

Methods

The diameters of carotid arteries of anesthetized pigs were measured by ultrasound. The arteries were then excised, inflated within a conical sleeve, fixed, and imaged by confocal microscopy. The conical sleeve allows fixing each artery across a wide range of diameters, which bracket its ultrasound diameter. Thus the study was designed to quantify how corrugations change with diameter for a single artery, and test whether corrugations exist when the fixed artery matches the ultrasound diameter.

Results

At diameters below the ultrasound diameter (i.e. when the artery was constricted as compared to ultrasound conditions), the IEL corrugations were found to decrease significantly with increasing diameter, but not fully flatten at the ultrasound diameter. The contour length of the IEL was found to be roughly 10% larger than the circumference of the artery measured by ultrasound. The physiological diameter is likely to be even smaller than the ultrasound diameter since ultrasound was conducted with the animal under general anesthesia, which leads to vasodilation, suggesting a higher level of corrugation under physiological conditions. For arterial cross sections constricted below the ultrasound diameter, the IEL contour length decreased roughly with the square root of the diameter.

Conclusion

The primary conclusions of this study are: a) the IEL is corrugated when the artery is constricted and flattens as the artery diameter increases; b) the IEL is corrugated under physiological conditions and has a contour length at least 10% more than the physiological arterial diameter; and c) the IEL despite being relatively stiffer than the surrounding arterial layers, does not behave like an inextensible membrane.