Morphological changes in the fetal kidney induced by exposure to fluoride during pregnancy

To determine if fluoride’s established negative impact on adult kidney health begins during gestation, an intergenerational model of Wistar rats was exposed to two doses of fluoride (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/day via gavage) 20 days before mating and during gestation (20 days). The results revealed that fluoride was distributed to the amniotic fluid and fetus, resulting in lower weight, more pronounced fetal restriction, and decreased creatinine, osmolarity, and amniotic fluid volume. At the kidney level, less development in the nephrogenic and cortical zones was observed in the fluoride treatment groups, with an imbalance in the number of glomeruli and "S" shaped bodies, an increase in the immunoexpression of the marker of proliferation Ki-67 in the nephrogenic zone, an increase in the expression of Wnt4 and more maturation of the renal tubules, indicating that fluoride exposure during pregnancy alters kidney development and promotes early maturation of tubular segments.