Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104938
Jennifer R. McCall , Kathryn T. Sausman , Ralph N. Mead
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants linked to various adverse health conditions, including immune dysregulation and inflammation, though cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct in vitro impact of long-chain/legacy PFOA and PFOS, byproduct NBP2, PFO4DA, and PFMOAA, and next generation HFPO-DA/”GenX” on THP-1 human monocyte function at the cellular level. While all PFAS activated THP-1 cells and altered immune function, it is important to note that they did so in very different and often contrasting ways. PFOS suppressed inflammatory cytokine release, while NBP2 and PFO4DA activated uncoordinated and simultaneous inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. PFOA, HFPO-DA/”GenX”, and PFMOAA increased markers of suppressive phenotypes often associated with tumor-associated macrophages. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PFAS, even at non-lethal concentrations, can directly interfere with functional immune responses in cellular models by altering cytokine profiles and immune activation states.
{"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) alter immune responses from THP-1 human monocytes","authors":"Jennifer R. McCall , Kathryn T. Sausman , Ralph N. Mead","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants linked to various adverse health conditions, including immune dysregulation and inflammation, though cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct <em>in vitro</em> impact of long-chain/legacy PFOA and PFOS, byproduct NBP2, PFO4DA, and PFMOAA, and next generation HFPO-DA/”GenX” on THP-1 human monocyte function at the cellular level<em>.</em> While all PFAS activated THP-1 cells and altered immune function, it is important to note that they did so in very different and often contrasting ways. PFOS suppressed inflammatory cytokine release, while NBP2 and PFO4DA activated uncoordinated and simultaneous inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. PFOA, HFPO-DA/”GenX”, and PFMOAA increased markers of suppressive phenotypes often associated with tumor-associated macrophages. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PFAS, even at non-lethal concentrations, can directly interfere with functional immune responses in cellular models by altering cytokine profiles and immune activation states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104934
Paloma De Oro-Carretero, Natalia Melones-Peña, Emma Gracia-Lor , Jon Sanz-Landaluze
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) pharmaceuticals are one of the most widely used drugs worldwide. Their consumption in Spain experienced an increase from 2020 due to the global pandemic COVID-19, according to prescription packaging sales. However, many of these pharmaceutical products are over-the-counter or not all of the amount sold is consumed. Therefore, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to provide objective and real-time information on their consumption. Seven pharmaceuticals were measured in untreated wastewater collected during one week between December 2020 and December 2021 from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in different Spanish cities. The samples were analysed using an analytical methodology based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with prior derivatization. The concentrations found were converted into population normalized daily consumption considering the daily flow rate, population and correction factors. Refined correction factors have been obtained by a systematic review of all accessible studies, considering the excretion factors of each substance and their stability in the sewer system. The results showed that pharmaceutical consumption was similar in the different WWTPs, with paracetamol, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid being the most consumed with mean values of 7, 41 and 12 g/day/1000 inhabitants, respectively. The estimated NSAID consumption (MD), derived from wastewater analysis, aligned with the dispensing values (DCV), except for ibuprofen and diclofenac showing an overestimation of consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the predominant days of the week for each compound. In addition, an increase in consumption was observed in the New Year's Eve week. Overall, these findings demonstrate that WBE provides a reliable and complementary approach for assessing real NSAID consumption patterns in the population.
{"title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in six cities of Spain: Consumption patterns, seasonal trends, and the role of refined correction factors","authors":"Paloma De Oro-Carretero, Natalia Melones-Peña, Emma Gracia-Lor , Jon Sanz-Landaluze","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) pharmaceuticals are one of the most widely used drugs worldwide. Their consumption in Spain experienced an increase from 2020 due to the global pandemic COVID-19, according to prescription packaging sales. However, many of these pharmaceutical products are over-the-counter or not all of the amount sold is consumed. Therefore, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to provide objective and real-time information on their consumption. Seven pharmaceuticals were measured in untreated wastewater collected during one week between December 2020 and December 2021 from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in different Spanish cities. The samples were analysed using an analytical methodology based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with prior derivatization. The concentrations found were converted into population normalized daily consumption considering the daily flow rate, population and correction factors. Refined correction factors have been obtained by a systematic review of all accessible studies, considering the excretion factors of each substance and their stability in the sewer system. The results showed that pharmaceutical consumption was similar in the different WWTPs, with paracetamol, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid being the most consumed with mean values of 7, 41 and 12 g/day/1000 inhabitants, respectively. The estimated NSAID consumption (MD), derived from wastewater analysis, aligned with the dispensing values (DCV), except for ibuprofen and diclofenac showing an overestimation of consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the predominant days of the week for each compound. In addition, an increase in consumption was observed in the New Year's Eve week. Overall, these findings demonstrate that WBE provides a reliable and complementary approach for assessing real NSAID consumption patterns in the population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104934"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145954691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104935
Anna Koubová , Worrayanee Thammatorn , Antonín Kouba , Vladimír Žlábek , Bent Speksnijder , Daniel Cerveny , Oksana Golovko
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) increasingly appear as complex mixtures in aquatic ecosystems, yet their bioconcentration in non-target organisms is poorly understood. This study examined tissue-specific distribution of five PhACs – bicalutamide, amitriptyline, furosemide, daidzein and sertraline – in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) after 96-hour exposure and an equal depuration period. Crayfish were subjected to environmentally relevant and 10-fold elevated mixture concentrations. Water and tissues (haemolymph, hepatopancreas, muscle) were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Despite verified water concentrations and stable conditions, none of the compounds were quantifiable in tissues, except trace sertraline near the detection limit in some controls. The lack of detectable residues indicates minimal bioconcentration, likely due to physicochemical properties (low log Kow), rapid metabolism and efficient excretion. Results underscore the need for longer exposures and metabolite-focused studies to better assess environmental fate, tissue kinetics and potential risks of PhAC mixtures in freshwater invertebrates.
{"title":"Limited bioconcentration of water-associated pharmaceutical active compounds through short-term exposure in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)","authors":"Anna Koubová , Worrayanee Thammatorn , Antonín Kouba , Vladimír Žlábek , Bent Speksnijder , Daniel Cerveny , Oksana Golovko","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) increasingly appear as complex mixtures in aquatic ecosystems, yet their bioconcentration in non-target organisms is poorly understood. This study examined tissue-specific distribution of five PhACs – bicalutamide, amitriptyline, furosemide, daidzein and sertraline – in signal crayfish (<em>Pacifastacus leniusculus</em>) after 96-hour exposure and an equal depuration period. Crayfish were subjected to environmentally relevant and 10-fold elevated mixture concentrations. Water and tissues (haemolymph, hepatopancreas, muscle) were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Despite verified water concentrations and stable conditions, none of the compounds were quantifiable in tissues, except trace sertraline near the detection limit in some controls. The lack of detectable residues indicates minimal bioconcentration, likely due to physicochemical properties (low log <em>K</em><sub>ow</sub>), rapid metabolism and efficient excretion. Results underscore the need for longer exposures and metabolite-focused studies to better assess environmental fate, tissue kinetics and potential risks of PhAC mixtures in freshwater invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104935"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145954677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104916
Keanu Ryan , Carlijn R. Hooijmans , Fréderique Struijs , Stijn van den Munckhof , Romy Kiffen , Albert Dahan , Sebastian Hoffmann , Daniele Mandrioli , Julia ML Menon , Nel Roeleveld , Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga , Vivi Schlünssen , Michel MRF Struys , Paul TJ Scheepers
Epidemiological studies have raised concerns about health risks from occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics. This study aimed to systematically search, select and appraise the evidence from animal studies to derive occupational exposure levels (OELs) for isoflurane and sevoflurane. Twenty-four studies for isoflurane and 7 studies for sevoflurane were included, which reported on neurological and fertility outcomes. When ranking adverse outcomes by derived benchmark dose lower bounds (BDMLs), male fertility was considered as the most critical effect for both substances. Assessment factors cover uncertainties regarding interspecies and intraspecies differences. Using the BMDL as point of departure we derived 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) OELs of 0.9 mg/m3 (0.12 ppm) for isoflurane and of 0.8 mg/m3 (0.09 ppm) for sevoflurane. For peak exposures, 15-min TWA OELs of 30 mg/m3 (3.9 ppm) and 25 mg/m3 (3.0 ppm) were derived, respectively. These levels are expected to protect workers from health effects caused by these anesthetic gases.
{"title":"A health-based recommended occupational exposure limit for isoflurane and sevoflurane using experimental animal data based on a systematic review and dose-response analysis","authors":"Keanu Ryan , Carlijn R. Hooijmans , Fréderique Struijs , Stijn van den Munckhof , Romy Kiffen , Albert Dahan , Sebastian Hoffmann , Daniele Mandrioli , Julia ML Menon , Nel Roeleveld , Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga , Vivi Schlünssen , Michel MRF Struys , Paul TJ Scheepers","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epidemiological studies have raised concerns about health risks from occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics. This study aimed to systematically search, select and appraise the evidence from animal studies to derive occupational exposure levels (OELs) for isoflurane and sevoflurane. Twenty-four studies for isoflurane and 7 studies for sevoflurane were included, which reported on neurological and fertility outcomes. When ranking adverse outcomes by derived benchmark dose lower bounds (BDMLs), male fertility was considered as the most critical effect for both substances. Assessment factors cover uncertainties regarding interspecies and intraspecies differences. Using the BMDL as point of departure we derived 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) OELs of 0.9 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.12 ppm) for isoflurane and of 0.8 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.09 ppm) for sevoflurane. For peak exposures, 15-min TWA OELs of 30 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (3.9 ppm) and 25 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (3.0 ppm) were derived, respectively. These levels are expected to protect workers from health effects caused by these anesthetic gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural intensification increases agrochemical use, exposing aquatic organisms to sublethal toxicants capable of disrupting key physiological pathways. This study assessed the biochemical and physiological responses of Rhinella arenarum larvae exposed to a commercial tebuconazole-based fungicide (Trigal®, 43 % active ingredient). Acute (96 h) exposures to 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05 mg/L were performed to evaluate biomarkers related to oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) index was used to combine these endpoints into a single global measure of physiological stress. Tebuconazole caused oxidative imbalance, with CAT, GST, and GSH activities inhibited by 20–60 % across all concentrations, while SOD increased 24 % at 0.05 mg/L. Lipid peroxidation and micronuclei frequency rose by 3-fold at 0.01–0.05 mg/L, indicating redox disruption and membrane damage. Significant BChE inhibition further evidenced neurophysiological impairment. The IBR index revealed a concentration-dependent increase, with the highest value observed at 0.05 mg/L, indicating a clear overall biological effect of exposure. Given the ecological role of amphibians as key components of food webs, these findings suggest that tebuconazole may impair larval performance and ultimately reduce recruitment in amphibian populations exposed to agricultural runoff.
{"title":"Integrated biomarker assessment of sublethal effects of a tebuconazole-based fungicide in Rhinella arenarum larvae","authors":"Mercedes Acquaroni, Cristina Pérez Coll, Gabriela Svartz","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural intensification increases agrochemical use, exposing aquatic organisms to sublethal toxicants capable of disrupting key physiological pathways. This study assessed the biochemical and physiological responses of <em>Rhinella arenarum</em> larvae exposed to a commercial tebuconazole-based fungicide (Trigal®, 43 % active ingredient). Acute (96 h) exposures to 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05 mg/L were performed to evaluate biomarkers related to oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) index was used to combine these endpoints into a single global measure of physiological stress. Tebuconazole caused oxidative imbalance, with CAT, GST, and GSH activities inhibited by 20–60 % across all concentrations, while SOD increased 24 % at 0.05 mg/L. Lipid peroxidation and micronuclei frequency rose by 3-fold at 0.01–0.05 mg/L, indicating redox disruption and membrane damage. Significant BChE inhibition further evidenced neurophysiological impairment. The IBR index revealed a concentration-dependent increase, with the highest value observed at 0.05 mg/L, indicating a clear overall biological effect of exposure. Given the ecological role of amphibians as key components of food webs, these findings suggest that tebuconazole may impair larval performance and ultimately reduce recruitment in amphibian populations exposed to agricultural runoff.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104921"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104890
Maike Felipe Santos Barbetta , Giovanni Stoppa Baviera , Icaro Salgado Perovani , Leandro Oka Duarte , Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
{"title":"Corrigendum to “In vitro enantioselective inhibition of key human CYP450 enzymes by the chiral fungicide penconazole” [Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 118 (2025) 104790]","authors":"Maike Felipe Santos Barbetta , Giovanni Stoppa Baviera , Icaro Salgado Perovani , Leandro Oka Duarte , Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104890","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104890"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145688786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of pesticides, particularly insecticides, is integral to modern agriculture. Fipronil, a widely used phenylpyrazole insecticide, is classified as a class II toxicant, indicating high toxicity by ingestion and contact. This study evaluated the morphometric and toxicological effects of fipronil on D. melanogaster development. Embryos were exposed orally from the embryonic stage to adulthood at 16, 40, 81, 163, 327, and 490 nM. The highest concentration reduced adult emergence from pupae, while survival decline at the three highest concentrations. Locomotor behavior was impaired at 81 nM in both sexes. Fipronil induced 24-h mortality in adult flies at concentrations ≥ 327 nM, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 442 nM. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) revealed sex-dependent differences and shape changes at 16 and 40 nM compared with controls. Overall, these findings indicate fipronil toxicity in D. melanogaster and suggest that this model can help anticipate effects in other invertebrates.
{"title":"Sublethal fipronil exposure impairs development and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Heloísa Pereira Santos , Andressa Paladini , Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of pesticides, particularly insecticides, is integral to modern agriculture. Fipronil, a widely used phenylpyrazole insecticide, is classified as a class II toxicant, indicating high toxicity by ingestion and contact. This study evaluated the morphometric and toxicological effects of fipronil on <em>D. melanogaster</em> development. Embryos were exposed orally from the embryonic stage to adulthood at 16, 40, 81, 163, 327, and 490 nM. The highest concentration reduced adult emergence from pupae, while survival decline at the three highest concentrations. Locomotor behavior was impaired at 81 nM in both sexes. Fipronil induced 24-h mortality in adult flies at concentrations ≥ 327 nM, with a median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) of 442 nM. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) revealed sex-dependent differences and shape changes at 16 and 40 nM compared with controls. Overall, these findings indicate fipronil toxicity in <em>D. melanogaster</em> and suggest that this model can help anticipate effects in other invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104919
Alessandra La Pietra , Teresa Mobilio , Gianluca Fasciolo , Simone Moggio , Angela Belletti , Gabriella Di Natale , Marco Trifuoggi , Paola Venditti , Ida Ferrandino
One of the characteristics of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) is their hydrophobic surface, which allows them to carry other pollutants such as bisphenol A (BPA), known to be endocrine disruptor. This study investigated the co-exposure of 1 µm PS-MPs at 1.0 mgL−1 with BPA at 25.0 µM on zebrafish development. The results on the toxicity parameters showed that PS-MPs and BPA during co-exposure had antagonist effects reducing their effects compared to single exposure, in hatching, neurotoxicity and heart rate. This trend was confirmed by an improvement in the expression of developmental genes observed in the co-exposed group. However, in redox homeostasis analysis emerged that, when together, PS-MPs exacerbated the effects of BPA compared to single exposure in redox homeostasis analysis. The findings showed a dual role of PS-MPs in modulating the effects of BPA providing new information on the risk associated with their simultaneous presence in the aquatic environment.
{"title":"Polystyrene microplastics modulate the toxic effects of bisphenol A in the early stages of zebrafish development","authors":"Alessandra La Pietra , Teresa Mobilio , Gianluca Fasciolo , Simone Moggio , Angela Belletti , Gabriella Di Natale , Marco Trifuoggi , Paola Venditti , Ida Ferrandino","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the characteristics of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) is their hydrophobic surface, which allows them to carry other pollutants such as bisphenol A (BPA), known to be endocrine disruptor. This study investigated the co-exposure of 1 µm PS-MPs at 1.0 mgL<sup>−1</sup> with BPA at 25.0 µM on zebrafish development. The results on the toxicity parameters showed that PS-MPs and BPA during co-exposure had antagonist effects reducing their effects compared to single exposure, in hatching, neurotoxicity and heart rate. This trend was confirmed by an improvement in the expression of developmental genes observed in the co-exposed group. However, in redox homeostasis analysis emerged that, when together, PS-MPs exacerbated the effects of BPA compared to single exposure in redox homeostasis analysis. The findings showed a dual role of PS-MPs in modulating the effects of BPA providing new information on the risk associated with their simultaneous presence in the aquatic environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104919"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104922
Congying Luo , Qiong Zhang , Yingjie Chen , Dinghui Wang , Han Xie , Yimin Zhang , Kusheng Wu
Bisphenols (BPs) are known to exert neurotoxic effects, but comparative studies of their neurotoxicity using equivalent concentrations (instead of identical ones) remain limited. This study assessed the neurotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), fluorine-9-bisphenol (BHPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) in zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to concentrations equivalent to 2 % of each BP’s LC50. Results showed all five BPs significantly decreased 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) body length and increased 96 hpf mortality but had no notable impacts on hatching rate, heart rate, or eye span. BPs induced the most prominent hyperactivity and anxiety-like behaviors but impacted the locomotor ability. BPF and BHPF also increased spontaneous tail-coiling frequency under normal and high light, respectively. Molecularly, GABAergic (gad1b, slc6a1b, gabbr1b), dopaminergic (slc6a3, drd1b) and cholinergic (slc5a7a, ache) genes were downregulated. Neurodevelopmental genes (gfap, mbpa, syn2a) were suppressed, while oxidative stress-related genes (sod1, sod2) and metabolic gene cyp3a65 were upregulated. Mechanistically, BPs may trigger oxidative stress and metabolic disruption, interfering with GABAergic/ dopaminergic/cholinergic systems to induce neurobehavioral abnormalities. This study confirms equivalent-concentration comparison as a reliable method for toxicity assessment, highlights the varying neurodevelopmental toxicity of BPs, and provides a basis for environmental chemicals risk management.
{"title":"Comparative study on the neurotoxicity of five bisphenols using zebrafish embryos/larvae models","authors":"Congying Luo , Qiong Zhang , Yingjie Chen , Dinghui Wang , Han Xie , Yimin Zhang , Kusheng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenols (BPs) are known to exert neurotoxic effects, but comparative studies of their neurotoxicity using equivalent concentrations (instead of identical ones) remain limited. This study assessed the neurotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), fluorine-9-bisphenol (BHPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) in zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to concentrations equivalent to 2 % of each BP’s LC<sub>50</sub>. Results showed all five BPs significantly decreased 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) body length and increased 96 hpf mortality but had no notable impacts on hatching rate, heart rate, or eye span. BPs induced the most prominent hyperactivity and anxiety-like behaviors but impacted the locomotor ability. BPF and BHPF also increased spontaneous tail-coiling frequency under normal and high light, respectively. Molecularly, GABAergic (<em>gad1b, slc6a1b, gabbr1b</em>), dopaminergic (<em>slc6a3, drd1b</em>) and cholinergic (<em>slc5a7a, ache</em>) genes were downregulated. Neurodevelopmental genes (<em>gfap, mbpa, syn2a</em>) were suppressed, while oxidative stress-related genes (<em>sod1, sod2</em>) and metabolic gene <em>cyp3a65</em> were upregulated. Mechanistically, BPs may trigger oxidative stress and metabolic disruption, interfering with GABAergic/ dopaminergic/cholinergic systems to induce neurobehavioral abnormalities. This study confirms equivalent-concentration comparison as a reliable method for toxicity assessment, highlights the varying neurodevelopmental toxicity of BPs, and provides a basis for environmental chemicals risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104920
Enzo de Oliveira Novaes , Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira , Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues , Letícia Torrão Araruna , Júlia Vianna de Pinho , Flavia Dayana Felix Farias , Lucas Maia Garcês , Barbara Franz , Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
The present study aimed to determine the mercury (Hg) levels and risk analysis of consumption of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum in fish farms in the Amazon region. In total 212 tambaqui muscle samples were collected from 10 fish farms in 5 states (Amazonas, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, and Rondônia). The Hg in tambaqui muscles in the Amazon region revealed that Amazonas and Amapá had the highest values. The monthly estimate of tambaqui consumption per month showed that children had the highest values compared to young people and adults. Meanwhile, in the states of Amazonas and Amapá, especially among children, the maximum monthly intake of tambaqui should be lower than in other localities. For the hazard quality, only tambaqui evaluated in fish farms in the states of Roraima, Rondônia and Pará presented safety levels. Therefore, routine biomonitoring of fish farms is crucial, especially tambaqui farms, as the main fish species farmed in Brazil.
{"title":"Evaluation of mercury and risk analysis of consumption of the Amazonian tambaqui fish Colossoma macropomum from the production system of the Amazon region","authors":"Enzo de Oliveira Novaes , Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira , Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues , Letícia Torrão Araruna , Júlia Vianna de Pinho , Flavia Dayana Felix Farias , Lucas Maia Garcês , Barbara Franz , Carlos Adam Conte-Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to determine the mercury (Hg) levels and risk analysis of consumption of tambaqui <em>Colossoma macropomum</em> in fish farms in the Amazon region. In total 212 tambaqui muscle samples were collected from 10 fish farms in 5 states (Amazonas, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, and Rondônia). The Hg in tambaqui muscles in the Amazon region revealed that Amazonas and Amapá had the highest values. The monthly estimate of tambaqui consumption per month showed that children had the highest values compared to young people and adults. Meanwhile, in the states of Amazonas and Amapá, especially among children, the maximum monthly intake of tambaqui should be lower than in other localities. For the hazard quality, only tambaqui evaluated in fish farms in the states of Roraima, Rondônia and Pará presented safety levels. Therefore, routine biomonitoring of fish farms is crucial, especially tambaqui farms, as the main fish species farmed in Brazil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104920"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号