Concentration and human health risk attribute to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in fillet of carp and tilapia fish: Systematic review and meta-analysis

The current study aims to meta-to analyze the concentration of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in carp and tilapia fish and estimate risks in consumers. A search was conducted in international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Embase, for papers retrieved up to January 20, 2024. The non-carcinogenic risk due to PFAS in the fish fillets was calculated using the Target hazard quotient (THQ). The rank order of countries based on pooled concentration in carp fish was China (47.17 µg/kg) > South Africa (29.5 µg/kg) > US (17.27 µg/kg) > Australia (0.01 µg/kg). The rank order of countries based on pooled concentration in tilapia fish was China (193.45 µg/kg) > Ethiopia (0.98 µg/kg) > Coastal Rica (0.62 µg/kg) > Vietnam (0.50 µg/kg) > US (0.20 µg/kg). THQ due to consumption of carp fish content of PFSA for adults in China, South Africa, US, and Australia was 198.83, 22.61, 18.25, and 0.03. Due to tilapia fish for adults in Coast Rica, Vietnam, Uganda, Ethiopia, China, and the US was 1.32, 2.40, 0.41, 0.06, 827.72, and 0.22, respectively. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the concentration of PFAS in tilapia and carp fish, especially in China, is recommended.