Tracking paddy rice acreage, flooding impacts, and mitigations during El Niño flooding events using Sentinel-1/2 imagery and cloud computing

The frequent occurrence of El Niño events, in the context of climate change, brings heavy precipitation and extreme heat, severely disrupting agricultural production. Previous efforts have focused on monitoring crop planting areas and evaluating affected crops during disasters. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis, including crop planting area mapping, crop damage assessment, and mitigation effectiveness throughout the entire course of a disaster, has been seldom addressed. In this study, we built a comprehensive framework to rapidly investigate the areas of early rice, the extent of flooding impacts, and the post-flood mitigations of early rice during the El Niño flooding event in a typical rice production region – Jiangxi Province in 2023. Early rice planting areas were first mapped by integrating 15-day time series gap-filled Sentinel-1/2 datasets using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, based on a random forest classifier built with the 55 optimized training features. Then the flood-affected early rice map was produced by integrating the early rice planting areas and the Sentinel-1 images-based flood map. Finally, the post-flood newly planted rice fields were identified using the random forest algorithm and classification features from the Sentinel-1/2 images composited during four phenology phases of newly planted rice. The results showed the early rice planting area map, the flooding map, and the newly planted early rice map have overall accuracies of over 90 %. The early rice planting areas reached 120 × 10⁴ ha, and an area of 3.60 × 10⁴ ha (3 %) was flooded due to the heavy rain, and 3.43 × 10⁴ ha flooded areas were newly planted, eventually mitigating the flooding impacts on the production of early rice. This study showcases the potential of all the available Sentinel-1/2 data, cloud computing, and well-established mapping algorithms for tracking rice areas, flooding impacts, and mitigations (i.e., after-flooding replanting) during extreme climate events. The established framework is expected to serve as an early warning system for agricultural adaptation to extreme climate events.