An innovative approach to municipal solid waste characterization for waste-to-energy processes in Egypt

This study enhances municipal solid waste (MSW) characterization methodologies by introducing an innovative sampling approach that prioritizes organic content over traditional components like paper and cartons, particularly suited to developing countries like Egypt. This innovative method adapts the ASTM D5231 − 92 standard to capture the actual MSW profile in the Giza governorate, where this research was carried out. Focusing on organic waste, this approach ensures more relevant and accurate data for waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion processes. This research documents significant seasonal variability in waste composition, with organic content averaging 66 % in winter compared to 59 % in fall. The energy-rich fraction shows similar variability, with winter having an average of 28 % compared to fall's 30 %. Moreover, the calorific value is notably higher in winter at 10.3 MJ/kg, compared to 8.4 MJ/kg in fall. These variations are critical for optimizing energy recovery processes in WtE projects. The results from this case study contribute to the limited but growing body of knowledge on waste management in Egypt, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of adapting standard characterization methods to local conditions. The insights gained from this research fill a notable gap in the regional waste management literature and enhance the scientific understanding of how seasonal factors affect MSW properties, providing a robust framework for improving waste management practices in similar settings globally.