The mahseer: The tiger of water-an angler's delight in the Himalayas and the undisputed king of sport fishing

The mahseer populations in various regions of India are undergoing rapid declines due to factors such as unregulated fishing of juveniles and brood stock, severe degradation of aquatic ecosystems, and the construction of barrages, dams, and weirs as part of river valley projects. Given the significance of this species, it is crucial to assign high conservation value to mahseers in India. To safeguard this important resources, efficient conservation and propagation strategies must be planned and implemented throughout the country. Conserving mahseer fishery resources demands integrated efforts, culture fisheries, blending capture, and environmental programs, with strict enforcement of environmental laws. Taxonomic clarity within the Tor and Neolissochilus genus is crucial for effective conservation planning, given the endangered status of all mahseer species. Conservation efforts should be embedded in new hydel projects, utilizing artificial breeding and pond culture, while adaptive fishing regulations are needed to protect vulnerable spawning populations. However, comprehensive knowledge of the genetic deviation and population structure of wild endangered mahseer populations is currently lacking. This paper aims to review the evolutionary history, present status, and the importance of conservation for mahseers, while emphasizing the function of biological conservation and genetics in preserving their germplasm, promoting sustainable utilization, and enhancing their populations. Additionally, we propose new ideas and suggestions that can contribute to the conservation efforts aimed at protecting these magnificent mighty mahseers across the country.