Cadmium-induced metal imbalance and cadmium-responsive transcriptional activator Yap1 mediated regulation of metal homeostasis

The absorption of cadmium (Cd) initiates a sequence of detrimental effects or harm to organisms. The presence of Cd in Saccharomyces cerevisiae affects key metal import channels, leading to a disruption in the balance of metal ions inside the organism. S. cerevisiae has established metal homeostasis mechanisms in response to Cd stress, which regulates metal transporters located in the plasma and vacuole membranes. This review analyzes the maintenance of metal homeostasis in S. cerevisiae and its mechanism from three different perspectives: (1) the effects of Cd on metals, (2) the reaction of Yap1 with Cd, and (3) glutathione (GSH) regulates the homeostasis of Yap1 in relation to metal transporters. This helps us to understand how metal homeostasis is maintained in S. cerevisiae when exposed to Cd. The generally held belief is that the reaction to Cd poisoning is strongly linked to oxidative stress. This review will offer insights into new reaction pathways to Cd that are different from oxidative stress, specifically focusing on the Cd(GS)₂ complex.