The emerging applications of niosome as a nanotechnology-based approach in vaccine delivery

Nanocarrier-based formulations such as niosomes are experiencing a rise in popularity owing to their substantial benefits over conventional formulations. Niosomes, which are novel vesicular systems, are composed mainly of hydrated amphiphilic molecules encompassing a variety of non-ionic surfactant classes. They have since emerged as a significant novel drug delivery system employed by numerous research groups for sustained and targeted deliveries. As well as conventional oral and parenteral administrations, biotechnological products can also be administered via transdermal, intranasal, ocular, and vaginal routes. The use of niosomes for vaccine delivery offers an interesting and promising area of research in the field of drug delivery. Furthermore, niosomes have demonstrated their efficacy as immunoadjuvants. This overview provides an extensive viewpoint on the emerging applications of niosomes in vaccine delivery which is a milestone in the immune-providing industry. A wide range of surfactants with diverse polar head groups, in addition to 1, 2, or 3 lipophilic alkyls, perfluoroalkyl, and steroidal moieties, can be used to generate the appropriate vesicular structures for encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. The techniques utilized for niosome preparation, aspects related to the stability of vesicles and the administration routes for these amphiphilic assemblies are also deliberated upon.