弯曲全球淡水生物多样性丧失的曲线:前景如何?

IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Biological Reviews Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI:10.1111/brv.13137
David Dudgeon, David L Strayer
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引用次数: 0

摘要

淡水生物多样性保护在科学文献中受到极大关注,并最终在政策框架中得到认可,如全球生物多样性框架及其 2030 年的相关目标。这是一个重要的进步。然而,淡水物种仍然面临着高度危险和广泛的生态系统退化。2020 年提出的 "紧急恢复计划"(ERP)包括六项措施,如果这些措施被广泛采用并得到充分支持,淡水生物多样性丧失的 "曲线 "将得以 "弯曲"。我们回顾的证据表明,淡水生物多样性所面临的持续性威胁和新出现威胁的综合强度已变得如此严重,以至于当前和预计的保存、保护和恢复内陆水域生态系统的努力可能不足以在未来几十年内避免生物多样性的大量丧失。特别是气候变化,其复杂而有害的影响将使防止淡水生态系统生物多样性丧失的努力受挫,而淡水生态系统已经受到多重威胁的影响。这些威胁之间的相互作用将限制种群的恢复,并加剧衰退,导致局部甚至全球物种灭绝,尤其是在退化或支离破碎的生态系统中的低生存能力种群。除了气候变化所带来的障碍之外,我们还发现在其他一些领域,淡水的绝对稀缺性、科学信息或预测能力的不足,以及人为压力因素的普遍失效,都有可能对淡水生物多样性的恢复造成限制。在未来气候越来越不确定的情况下,人们对各种新出现的和相互影响的威胁了解不 够,要保护本地淡水生物多样性,就必须通过在淡水生物多样性丰富和威胁严重的地区采 取许多广泛分散的地方行动,迅速和大规模地实施 ERP,同时加强就地保护工作。但是,在实施 ERP 的同时,还必须采取措施,在不进一步损害淡水生态系统状况的情况下,改善人类的水、能源和食品安全。遗憾的是,为应对气候变化等公认的环境挑战而制定的政策在政治上执行不力,这让人们对 ERP 可能取得成功缺乏信心。在世界许多地方,"人类世 "的未来似乎肯定会包括长时间绝对缺乏未受污染的地表径流,而这些径流将不可避免地被人类占用。除非社会对保护淡水生物多样性的认识和承诺发生重大变化,同时采取必要的行动来遏制气候变化,否则,实施既定的保护淡水生物多样性的方法可能无法防止生态系统继续退化和物种继续减少。
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Bending the curve of global freshwater biodiversity loss: what are the prospects?

Freshwater biodiversity conservation has received substantial attention in the scientific literature and is finally being recognized in policy frameworks such as the Global Biodiversity Framework and its associated targets for 2030. This is important progress. Nonetheless, freshwater species continue to be confronted with high levels of imperilment and widespread ecosystem degradation. An Emergency Recovery Plan (ERP) proposed in 2020 comprises six measures intended to "bend the curve" of freshwater biodiversity loss, if they are widely adopted and adequately supported. We review evidence suggesting that the combined intensity of persistent and emerging threats to freshwater biodiversity has become so serious that current and projected efforts to preserve, protect and restore inland-water ecosystems may be insufficient to avert substantial biodiversity losses in the coming decades. In particular, climate change, with its complex and harmful impacts, will frustrate attempts to prevent biodiversity losses from freshwater ecosystems already affected by multiple threats. Interactions among these threats will limit recovery of populations and exacerbate declines resulting in local or even global extinctions, especially among low-viability populations in degraded or fragmented ecosystems. In addition to impediments represented by climate change, we identify several other areas where the absolute scarcity of fresh water, inadequate scientific information or predictive capacity, and a widespread failure to mitigate anthropogenic stressors, are liable to set limits on the recovery of freshwater biodiversity. Implementation of the ERP rapidly and at scale through many widely dispersed local actions focused on regions of high freshwater biodiversity and intense threat, together with an intensification of ex-situ conservation efforts, will be necessary to preserve native freshwater biodiversity during an increasingly uncertain climatic future in which poorly understood, emergent and interacting threats have become more influential. But implementation of the ERP must be accompanied by measures that will improve water, energy and food security for humans - without further compromising the condition of freshwater ecosystems. Unfortunately, the inadequate political implementation of policies to arrest widely recognized environmental challenges such as climate change do not inspire confidence about the possible success of the ERP. In many parts of the world, the Anthropocene future seems certain to include extended periods with an absolute scarcity of uncontaminated surface runoff that will inevitably be appropriated by humans. Unless there is a step-change in societal awareness of - and commitment to - the conservation of freshwater biodiversity, together with necessary actions to arrest climate change, implementation of established methods for protecting freshwater biodiversity may not bend the curve enough to prevent continued ecosystem degradation and species loss.

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来源期刊
Biological Reviews
Biological Reviews 生物-生物学
CiteScore
21.30
自引率
2.00%
发文量
99
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Biological Reviews is a scientific journal that covers a wide range of topics in the biological sciences. It publishes several review articles per issue, which are aimed at both non-specialist biologists and researchers in the field. The articles are scholarly and include extensive bibliographies. Authors are instructed to be aware of the diverse readership and write their articles accordingly. The reviews in Biological Reviews serve as comprehensive introductions to specific fields, presenting the current state of the art and highlighting gaps in knowledge. Each article can be up to 20,000 words long and includes an abstract, a thorough introduction, and a statement of conclusions. The journal focuses on publishing synthetic reviews, which are based on existing literature and address important biological questions. These reviews are interesting to a broad readership and are timely, often related to fast-moving fields or new discoveries. A key aspect of a synthetic review is that it goes beyond simply compiling information and instead analyzes the collected data to create a new theoretical or conceptual framework that can significantly impact the field. Biological Reviews is abstracted and indexed in various databases, including Abstracts on Hygiene & Communicable Diseases, Academic Search, AgBiotech News & Information, AgBiotechNet, AGRICOLA Database, GeoRef, Global Health, SCOPUS, Weed Abstracts, and Reaction Citation Index, among others.
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