Two-dimensional nano-biomaterials in regulating the tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, characterized by their ultrathin profile and constructed from single or a few atomic layers, exhibit unique physical and chemical properties. These materials have recently emerged as a focal point in biomedicine, particularly in drug delivery, bio-sensing, and cancer therapy. Two-dimensional nanomaterials are widely employed in tumor immunotherapy due to their ability to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment and facilitate the delivery of crucial immunotherapeutic agents. Additionally, their integration with other therapeutic modalities can significantly enhance the overall effectiveness of cancer treatments. This review provides an initial overview of various 2D materials and their applications in tumor therapy. It progresses to a comprehensive analysis of how these nanomaterials influence the tumor microenvironment and immune cells, emphasizing their mechanisms and benefits in enhancing tumor immunotherapy. The review concludes by discussing prospective applications of 2D nanomaterials in cancer treatment, highlighting their substantial potential in advancing precision medicine and immune modulation.