Representative residual transport pathways in a mixed-energy open tidal system

The North Frisian Wadden Sea (NFWS), an open tidal basin within the UNESCO World Heritage Wadden Sea, is characterized by its barrier systems, tidal inlets, intertidal flats, and estuaries. Unlike its East Frisian and Dutch counterparts, the NFWS is underexplored in terms of residual sediment and flow transport pathways—knowledge crucial for coastal conservation and nature-based protection. These pathways are a product of complex interplay between tides, winds and waves that together shape the morphology of the NFWS. This study investigates these interactions using a high-resolution process-based model to perform a representative period simulation derived through a novel unfiltered-reduction technique. Our results reveal an anticlockwise residual flow circulation in the back-barrier region, which was not discernible in the residual sediment pathways. Waves primarily dictated sediment transport over intertidal flats, showing high variability in transport direction under energetic conditions. The coastline orientation and fetch size favored southward wavedriven sediment transport, opposing the northward residual flow transport driven by tidal propagation. A dynamic residual divergence pattern in the nearshore region of the barrier islands is also revealed for both sediment and flow, which moves alongshore during energetic events. The discussion compares these patterns and their implications with earlier local measurements, conceptual pathways, and different systems globally to provide a comprehensive overview of the transport dynamics in the NFWS.