战争与和平的争议性起源:猿、觅食者与人类进化

IF 3 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106618
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引用次数: 0

摘要

战争在人类进化中的作用是进化科学中最具争议的话题之一。这场争论尤为激烈,因为许多人认为,我们的进化祖先是和平的还是好战的,对现代人性有着重要影响。一方认为战争有着深厚的进化历史,可能可以追溯到倭黑猩猩、黑猩猩和人类的最后一个共同祖先,而另一方则认为战争是近代的创新,主要是随着定居主义和农业的兴起而发展起来的。我的研究表明,尽管这两种观点都有一些值得考虑的支持,但它们有时都忽略了人类进化的不确定性,简化了狩猎-采集世界的复杂现实。许多关于战争进化的描述都是片面的。倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩为了解战争的起源提供了重要的启示,但将这两种动物作为人类进化的模型有很大的局限性。狩猎采集者经常会发生战争,但就像世界各地的人类一样,我们的祖先很可能会根据不同的环境建立一系列的关系,包括群体间的合作关系。综合来看,这些证据有力地表明,小规模战争是人类在农业和定居之前进化历史的一部分,但跨越群体边界的合作也是人类进化遗产的一部分。
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The controversial origins of war and peace: apes, foragers, and human evolution

The role of warfare in human evolution is among the most contentious topics in the evolutionary sciences. The debate is especially heated because many assume that whether our evolutionary ancestors were peaceful or warlike has important implications for modern human nature. One side argues that warfare has a deep evolutionary history, possible dating to the last common ancestor of bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans, while the other views war as a recent innovation, primarily developing with the rise of sedentism and agriculture. I show that although both positions have some support warranting consideration, each sometimes ignores uncertainties about human evolution and simplifies the complex reality of hunter-gatherer worlds. Many characterizations about the evolution of war are partial truths. Bonobos and chimpanzees provide important insights relevant for understanding the origins of war, but using either species as a model for human evolution has important limitations. Hunter-gatherers often had war, but like humans everywhere, our ancestors likely had a range of relationships depending on the context, including cooperative intergroup affiliation. Taken together, the evidence strongly suggests that small-scale warfare is part of our evolutionary history predating agriculture and sedentism, but that cooperation across group boundaries is also part our evolutionary legacy.

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来源期刊
Evolution and Human Behavior
Evolution and Human Behavior 生物-行为科学
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
9.80%
发文量
62
审稿时长
82 days
期刊介绍: Evolution and Human Behavior is an interdisciplinary journal, presenting research reports and theory in which evolutionary perspectives are brought to bear on the study of human behavior. It is primarily a scientific journal, but submissions from scholars in the humanities are also encouraged. Papers reporting on theoretical and empirical work on other species will be welcome if their relevance to the human animal is apparent.
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