Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

Early sex differences in sociosexual behavior of wild robust capuchin monkeys: Ontogenetic and evolutionary insights 野生健壮卷尾猴社会性行为的早期性别差异：个体发生和进化的见解

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106834

Irene Delval , Solimary García-Hernández , Nayara Teles , Juan Caixeta , Leonardo Cezar , Jaroslava V. Valentova , Patrícia Izar , Jean-Baptiste Leca

Sex differences in sexual behavior are a fundamental aspect of reproductive strategies across animal species, including primates. While non-reproductive sexual behaviors such as play and courtship can support social bonding and skill acquisition, their developmental origins remain underexplored. We investigated the ontogeny of sociosexual behavior in 16 wild infant robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus and S. xanthosternos) observed longitudinally over their first year of life. In particular, we explored the influence of sex, age, species, breeding season (inferred from birth season and gestation length), and individual identity on these behaviors. We found that males displayed sexual behaviors earlier, more frequently, and with greater diversity than females, despite adult Sapajus courtship being predominantly female-led. Sociosexual behaviors increased in frequency and complexity with age. Species differences were not significant, aligning with similarities in adult sexual patterns, and we didn't find an influence of the breeding season on sexual behavioral rates. Overall, our results suggest that sociosexual behavior in capuchins is sexually differentiated from infancy, follows a flexible developmental trajectory, and may serve functions beyond reproduction. These findings challenge the practice hypothesis, which posits that early sexual behaviors primarily serve as rehearsal for adult reproductive roles. Instead, they suggest that early sociosexual behaviors may reflect sex-specific developmental pathways linked to hormonal maturation or broader social functions such as bonding, dominance, or motor skill acquisition. Our results highlight the flexibility of primate sexual development and contribute to comparative perspectives on the evolution of sexual behavior in humans and other primates.

性行为中的性别差异是包括灵长类动物在内的动物物种生殖策略的一个基本方面。虽然游戏和求爱等非生殖性行为可以支持社会联系和技能习得，但它们的发展起源仍未得到充分探索。本文研究了16只野生健壮卷尾猴（Sapajus libidinosus和S. xanthosternos）幼猴在1岁时社会性行为的个体发生过程。我们特别探讨了性别、年龄、物种、繁殖季节（从出生季节和妊娠期推断）和个体身份对这些行为的影响。我们发现雄性比雌性表现出更早、更频繁、更多样化的性行为，尽管成年Sapajus的求爱主要是由雌性主导的。社会性行为的频率和复杂性随着年龄的增长而增加。物种差异不显著，这与成虫性模式的相似性一致，我们没有发现繁殖季节对性行为率的影响。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，卷尾猴的社会性行为从婴儿期开始就存在性别分化，遵循着一个灵活的发展轨迹，可能具有生殖以外的功能。这些发现挑战了实践假说，该假说认为早期的性行为主要是为成年后的生殖角色做准备。相反，他们认为早期的社会性行为可能反映了与荷尔蒙成熟或更广泛的社会功能（如结合、支配或运动技能习得）相关的性别特异性发育途径。我们的研究结果强调了灵长类动物性发育的灵活性，并有助于对人类和其他灵长类动物性行为进化的比较观点。

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引用次数: 0

Cross-sex theory of mind in the domain of sexual violence: upset, fear, and perceived likelihood 性暴力领域的跨性别心理理论：不安、恐惧和感知的可能性

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106835

Rebecka K. Hahnel-Peeters , William Costello , Paola Baca , David P. Schmitt , David M. Buss

An evolutionary perspective on theory of mind (ToM) leads us to hypothesize that inferences about others' beliefs, desires, and emotions are somewhat domain specific. In domains in which women and men have recurrently confronted different adaptive problems, selection should favor sex-differentiated ToM design features. One such domain centers on sexual violence; men have been the primary perpetrators and women the primary victims over time and across cultures. Using a mixed-subjects design (N = 781; 39% men), we tested two preregistered competing evolutionary hypotheses of sex-differentiated ToM inferences. The byproduct hypothesis posits that mind-reading errors occur because individuals use their own sexual psychology as a reference point, leading to an egocentric bias when inferring emotional reactions in the other sex. The adaptation hypothesis posits selection has favored adaptive inferential biases, analogous to men's oversexualization bias, that function to minimize more costly errors even if they result in more frequent low-cost errors. These biases could function to facilitate some sexual strategies. Underestimating victims' upset from sexual assault, for example, could facilitate a sexually exploitative strategy. We tested several predictions from both the byproduct hypothesis and the adaptation hypothesis across dimensions of cross-sex inference—upset, fear, and perceived likelihood of sexual victimization in a sample collected from social media and a public university in the southern United States. Men, on average, statistically underperceived women's self-reported upset following intimate partner sexual assault (Cohen's d = 0.48). Women, on average, statistically overperceived men's self-reported upset (Cohen's d = 0.64). In contrast, men and women were relatively accurate in predicting the opposite sex's fear of sexual violence. Men accurately inferred women's perceived likelihood of sexual victimization; whereas women statistically overestimated men's perceived likelihood of victimization (Cohen's d = 0.69). We tested individual differences theoretically relevant to the adaptation hypothesis. Discussion focuses on evidence bearing on adaptation and byproduct hypotheses.

心智理论（ToM）的进化观点让我们假设，对他人信仰、欲望和情感的推断在某种程度上是特定领域的。在女性和男性反复面临不同适应问题的领域，选择应该倾向于性别分化的ToM设计特征。其中一个领域以性暴力为中心；长期以来，在不同的文化中，男性一直是主要的施暴者，而女性则是主要的受害者。使用混合受试者设计（N = 781； 39%男性），我们测试了两个预先登记的性别分化的ToM推断的竞争进化假设。副产品假说认为，读心术错误的发生是因为个体把自己的性心理作为参照点，导致在推断异性的情绪反应时产生以自我为中心的偏见。适应假说认为，选择倾向于适应性推理偏差，类似于男性的过度性别化偏差，这种偏差的作用是尽量减少代价更大的错误，即使它们会导致更频繁的低成本错误。这些偏见可能会促进某些性策略。例如，低估受害者因性侵犯而产生的不安情绪，可能会助长一种性剥削策略。我们从社交媒体和美国南部的一所公立大学收集样本，测试了从副产品假设和适应假设中得出的跨维度的预测——不安、恐惧和性受害的感知可能性。平均而言，男性在统计上低估了女性在亲密伴侣性侵犯后自我报告的沮丧（Cohen’s d = 0.48）。平均而言，女性在统计上高估了男性自我报告的沮丧（Cohen’s d = 0.64）。相比之下，男性和女性在预测异性对性暴力的恐惧方面相对准确。男性准确地推断出女性遭受性侵害的可能性；而女性在统计上高估了男性被伤害的可能性（Cohen的d = 0.69）。我们从理论上检验了与适应假说相关的个体差异。讨论的重点是与适应和副产品假设有关的证据。

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引用次数: 0

Questioning claims of parasite-induced sexual aggression in humans 质疑寄生虫引发人类性侵犯的说法

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106836

Andrew A. Davinack

引用次数: 0

A cue-based approach to sociometer theory: Waist-to-hip ratio and lumbar curvature predict females' self-esteem 基于线索的社会测量理论：腰臀比和腰曲度预测女性的自尊

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106829

Sam P. Dale , Jessica Ranson , Kortnee C. Evans , David M.G. Lewis

Self-esteem is hypothesized to be an evolved psychological system that monitors and responds to cues to one's own relational value. Here, we employ a novel, cue-based approach to generate and test the hypothesis that self-esteem tracks specific, fitness-relevant morphological features. Specifically, we investigated whether females' self-esteem systematically varies as a function of their waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and lumbar curvature (LC). Participants (N = 177) indicated on two body morph arrays—one varying in WHR and one varying in LC—the morphs that corresponded to (i) their current levels of these features, (ii) the levels they believed potential mates find most attractive, and (iii) the levels they viewed as ideal for themselves. They also completed the Body Esteem Scale and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. Results demonstrated that (1) participants internalized, as their own “ideal”, the levels of WHR and LC they perceived potential mates to desire, and (2) their self-esteem levels tracked the discrepancy between their idealized levels of WHR and LC and their own current levels of these features. These effects of WHR and LC on self-esteem were independent and fully mediated by their effects on body esteem. Discussion centers on how efforts to mitigate the negative effects of media exposure on women's self-esteem could potentially be improved by more precisely targeting the specific morphological cues to which self-esteem is sensitive.

自尊被假设为一种进化的心理系统，它监视并回应一个人对自身关系价值的暗示。在这里，我们采用了一种新颖的、基于线索的方法来产生和检验自尊跟踪特定的、与健康相关的形态特征的假设。具体来说，我们调查了女性的自尊是否作为腰臀比（WHR）和腰曲度（LC）的函数系统地变化。参与者（N = 177）指出了两种身体形态阵列——一种是WHR变化，另一种是lc变化——这些形态对应于(i)他们当前的这些特征水平，（ii）他们认为潜在伴侣最具吸引力的水平，以及（iii）他们认为最适合自己的水平。他们还完成了身体自尊量表和罗森博格自尊量表。结果表明：(1)被试将理想的腰宽比和腰宽比内化为自己的“理想”；(2)被试的自尊水平跟踪了理想腰宽比和腰宽比与自身当前水平之间的差异。腰重和腰重对自尊的影响是独立的，并被身体自尊的影响完全中介。讨论的重点是如何通过更精确地针对自尊敏感的特定形态线索来减轻媒体曝光对女性自尊的负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptive memory in contamination contexts: Exploring the role of emotionality 污染环境下的适应性记忆：探讨情绪的作用

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106821

Magda Saraiva , Josefa N.S. Pandeirada , Margarida V. Garrido

Previous studies have reported a memory advantage for information previously associated with contamination cues (vs. non-contamination) – the contamination effect. In four experiments, we explored the role of emotionality in this effect. Participants recruited on prolific academic saw pictures (Experiment 1, N = 97; Experiment 4, N = 100) or names (Experiment 2, N = 92) of objects alongside illness (vs. neutral) descriptors or objects held by dirty (vs. clean) hands (Experiment 3, N = 100). Then, they recalled the objects and evaluated them in five dimensions. In Experiment 4, participants evaluated the objects before the recall task. The contamination effect was replicated across all experiments. Objects in contamination (vs. non-contamination) conditions were rated as more arousing, negative, disgusting, frightening, and with greater contamination potential. The contamination effect correlated significantly but modestly with the emotional ratings and was fully mediated by contamination potential. These findings suggest that emotionality plays a role but does not fully explain the effect.

先前的研究报告了先前与污染线索（相对于非污染）相关的信息的记忆优势-污染效应。在四个实验中，我们探讨了情绪在这种效应中的作用。实验1，N = 97；实验4，N = 100)或实验2，N = 92)看到物品的图片（实验1，N = 97；实验4，N = 100）以及疾病（与中性）描述符或脏手（与干净手）拿着的物品（实验3，N = 100）。然后，他们回忆这些物品，并在五个维度上对它们进行评估。在实验4中，参与者在回忆任务前对物体进行评价。污染效应在所有实验中都得到了重复。被污染的物体（与未被污染的相比）被评为更令人兴奋、消极、恶心、可怕和更有可能被污染。污染效应与情绪评分有显著但不显著的相关，并完全由污染电位介导。这些发现表明，情绪起了一定作用，但并不能完全解释这种影响。

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引用次数: 0

Estimates of need, benefit, and personal connection explain monetary transfers to absolute strangers, identifiable needy others, and charitable organizations 对需求、利益和个人关系的估计解释了向完全陌生的人、可识别的有需要的人和慈善组织转移资金的原因

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106820

Megan R. Mulhinch , Marrissa D. Grant , Eric J. Pedersen , Michael E. McCullough

People often share resources with non-relatives, even strangers. Researchers have not fully illuminated the cognitive appraisals (e.g., appraisals of the beneficiary's needs, the likelihood that the beneficiary will benefit from our help, and subjective connection to the beneficiary) that motivate such instances of impersonal generosity. Researchers' understanding of whether those appraisals account for people's elevated willingness to share with identifiable needy others and charities is even dimmer. In the two experiments presented here (total N = 677), Mturk and Prolific participants allocated money to three types of beneficiaries: anonymous others, real identifiable needy individuals, and real charities. On each trial, we measured participants' appraisals of the beneficiary's need and likely benefit from the donation (and, in Experiment 2, their sense of personal connection with the beneficiary), which we used to explain these beneficiary-type differences in giving. On average, participants allocated 27 % of their stakes to anonymous beneficiaries. Changing the identity from an anonymous beneficiary to an identifiable needy individual or charity raised transfers to 41 % and 40 %, respectively. All three appraisals were positively and significantly correlated with allocations. Finally, consistent with a mediational account, the effects of beneficiary type on allocations could be fully explained by the intermediate effect of the three appraisals. People may be more generous with identifiable needy others because they seem to need the help more and are more likely to benefit from it, and because they instill a greater sense of personal connection. These results shed new light on the foundations of human generosity. They also have implications for charitable organizations.

人们经常与非亲属，甚至是陌生人分享资源。研究人员还没有完全阐明激发这种非个人慷慨行为的认知评估（例如，对受益人需求的评估，受益人将从我们的帮助中受益的可能性，以及与受益人的主观联系）。研究人员对这些评价是否能解释人们与可识别的有需要的人和慈善机构分享的更高意愿的理解甚至更加模糊。在这里展示的两个实验中（总N = 677）， Mturk和多产的参与者将钱分配给三种类型的受益人：匿名的其他人，真正可识别的贫困个人和真正的慈善机构。在每个试验中，我们测量了参与者对受益人的需求和捐赠可能带来的好处的评估（以及，在实验2中，他们与受益人的个人联系感），我们用这些来解释捐赠中受益人类型的差异。参与者平均将27%的股份分配给匿名受益人。将身份从匿名受益人更改为可识别的有需要的个人或慈善机构，将转会费分别提高到41%和40%。这三种评价均与分配呈显著正相关。最后，与中介解释一致，受益人类型对分配的影响可以用三种评价的中介效应来充分解释。人们可能对那些需要帮助的人更慷慨，因为他们似乎更需要帮助，也更有可能从中受益，因为他们灌输了一种更强烈的个人联系感。这些结果对人类慷慨的基础有了新的认识。它们对慈善组织也有影响。

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引用次数: 0

Health, attractiveness, and marriageability among Aka hunter-gatherers and Ngandu farmer adolescents and young adults in the Central African Republic 中非共和国阿卡狩猎采集者和恩甘杜农民青少年和年轻人的健康、吸引力和婚姻能力

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106815

Bonnie Hewlett , Harshita Agrawal , Barry Hewlett

This study investigates how adolescents from two culturally distinct Central African communities—the Aka hunter-gatherers and Ngandu farmers—perceive health, attractiveness, and marriageability, focusing on how local socio-ecological contexts shape perceptions of health, attraction, and mate preferences. The research examines how body mass index and parasite load relate to perceived health and attractiveness. Seventy-five adolescents (39 Aka and 36 Ngandu) evaluated photographs of peers for health, attractiveness, and marriagability, while physical health was objectively measured using anthropometric and parasitological data. Regression analyses revealed that BMI was a consistent and significant predictor of both perceived health and attractiveness, whereas total parasite load did not significantly influence either outcome. Notably, perceptions of health strongly predicted attractiveness and marriageability, but not vice versa. Ethnic and gender differences in perception were also found: Aka adolescents prioritized social traits like kindness and cooperation, while Ngandu participants emphasized physical cleanliness and robustness. Male raters showed more variability and stricter standards, particularly when evaluating females. These findings underscore the role of robust phenotypic features, such as BMI, in determining how health, beauty, and reproductive value are interpreted. This research contributes to understanding how evolutionarily evolved preferences and cultural contexts shape perceptions of health, attraction, and marriageability.

本研究调查了来自两个文化截然不同的中非社区（Aka狩猎采集者和Ngandu农民）的青少年如何看待健康、吸引力和婚姻能力，重点关注当地社会生态环境如何影响对健康、吸引力和配偶偏好的看法。该研究考察了身体质量指数和寄生虫负荷与感知健康和吸引力之间的关系。75名青少年（39名Aka和36名Ngandu）评估同龄人的健康、吸引力和可婚性照片，同时使用人体测量学和寄生虫学数据客观地测量身体健康。回归分析显示，BMI是感知健康和吸引力的一致且重要的预测因子，而寄生虫总负荷对这两种结果都没有显著影响。值得注意的是，对健康的看法强烈地预测了吸引力和婚姻能力，反之则不然。种族和性别在认知上的差异也被发现：阿卡青少年优先考虑善良和合作等社会特征，而Ngandu参与者则强调身体清洁和健壮。男性评分者表现出更大的可变性和更严格的标准，尤其是在评估女性时。这些发现强调了健壮的表型特征（如BMI）在决定如何解释健康、美丽和生殖价值方面的作用。这项研究有助于理解进化的偏好和文化背景如何塑造人们对健康、吸引力和婚姻能力的看法。

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引用次数: 0

Abstract core knowledge may shape the basins of cultural attraction: romantic kissing as a case study 抽象的核心知识可能塑造文化吸引力的盆地：浪漫的接吻作为一个案例研究

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106810

Hossein Samani , Ashley J. Thomas

Romantic kissing is prevalent across human societies, yet far from universal—a puzzling pattern given it also appears to have been invented independently across cultures. We consider the role of infant cognition—specifically, abstract, early-emerging knowledge about social intimacy that forms part of “core knowledge.” Drawing on theories of cultural attraction, we argue that the common knowledge that arises from this early-emerging knowledge shapes the “basins of attraction” for particular cultural practices. Using romantic kissing as a case study, we build on evidence that even infants interpret physical closeness and behaviors like saliva sharing as signals of intimate social relationships. When romantic love becomes personally or culturally salient, this abstract knowledge makes practices like romantic kissing intuitive to invent, learn, and maintain because they fit pre-existing expectations about how intimacy, more broadly construed, is displayed. We further suggest that variation in the prevalence of romantic kissing depends on the importance placed on romantic love within a culture. Our account provides a framework for understanding both the cross-cultural diversity and recurrent emergence of romantic kissing, and for theorizing about how universal cognitive representations may interact with local social and ecological factors to shape the emergence and form of cultural practices.

浪漫的接吻在人类社会中很普遍，但远非普遍——这是一个令人困惑的模式，因为它似乎是在不同文化中独立发明的。我们考虑婴儿认知的作用-具体地说，抽象的，早期出现的关于社会亲密关系的知识，构成了“核心知识”的一部分。根据文化吸引力理论，我们认为，从这种早期出现的知识中产生的共同知识形成了特定文化实践的“吸引力盆地”。以浪漫的接吻为例，我们建立了证据，即使是婴儿也会将身体上的亲密和唾液分享等行为解释为亲密社会关系的信号。当浪漫的爱情在个人或文化上变得突出时，这种抽象的知识使浪漫的接吻等行为成为发明、学习和维持的本能，因为它们符合对更广泛地理解的亲密关系的表现方式的预先存在的期望。我们进一步提出，浪漫接吻流行程度的差异取决于文化中对浪漫爱情的重视程度。我们的研究为理解浪漫接吻的跨文化多样性和反复出现提供了一个框架，并为理解普遍认知表征如何与当地社会和生态因素相互作用以塑造文化习俗的出现和形式提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106818

Tobias L. Kordsmeyer , Philine A.C. Rasokat , Julia Stern , Christoph Schild , Lars Penke

Previous research has shown that attractiveness perceptions of male body parts and modalities correlate with each other. These findings support the one ornament hypothesis, according to which individual body parts and modalities have a common underlying latent cause and vicariously function as an indicator of genetic quality during mate choice. In contrast, the multiple messages hypothesis suggests that different body parts and modalities signal distinct and non-redundant information about mate quality. This preregistered study sought to replicate and extend findings on correlated perceptions of men's and women's facial, bodily, and vocal attractiveness, health, and physical dominance. Partial mediation by sex hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol) was analysed as purported mechanisms involved in the development of sexually dimorphic characteristics influencing perceptions. Facial photos, voice recordings, and 3D body scans of 165 men and 155 women were judged separately for attractiveness, health, and physical dominance by overall 400 raters. Results showed medium-sized positive correlations for faces and bodies for all three attributes, but only few significant associations of vocal with facial or bodily judgments. Correlated perceptions showed some variation by target sex. Thus, our results are more in line with the one ornament hypothesis for faces and bodies, and more with the multiple messages hypothesis for voices. No significant partial mediation by hormone levels aligning with hypotheses was found. Future studies should include further stimuli and examine additional hormonal variables to elucidate endocrine mechanisms.

先前的研究表明，对男性身体部位和形态的吸引力感知是相互关联的。这些发现支持了单一装饰假说，根据该假说，个体的身体部位和形态有一个共同的潜在原因，并在择偶过程中作为遗传质量的间接指标发挥作用。相比之下，多重信息假说认为，不同的身体部位和形态发出了关于配偶质量的不同的、非冗余的信息。这项预先注册的研究试图复制和扩展男性和女性在面部、身体和声音吸引力、健康和身体优势方面的相关认知。性激素水平（睾酮，雌二醇）的部分调解被分析为涉及影响感知的两性二态特征发展的据称机制。共有400名评分员对165名男性和155名女性的面部照片、语音记录和3D身体扫描进行了评分，分别对他们的吸引力、健康状况和身体优势进行了评分。结果显示，面部和身体在所有三个属性上都有中等程度的正相关，但声音与面部或身体判断只有很少的显著关联。相关的认知显示出目标性别的差异。因此，我们的结果更符合面部和身体的单一装饰假设，更符合声音的多重信息假设。没有发现激素水平与假设相符的显著部分中介作用。未来的研究应包括进一步的刺激和检查额外的激素变量来阐明内分泌机制。

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引用次数: 0

A comparative approach to the evolution of kissing 接吻进化的比较研究

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106788

Matilda Brindle , Catherine F. Talbot , Stuart West

Kissing can be observed across the animal kingdom. This presents an evolutionary puzzle, since the fitness benefits of kissing are unclear. We use a non-anthropocentric approach to define kissing as a non-agonistic interaction involving directed, intraspecific, oral-oral contact with some movement of the lips/mouthparts and no food transfer. Using this definition we collate basic observational data across the Afro-Eurasian primates and employ Bayesian phylogenetic methods to reconstruct the evolutionary history of kissing. We find that kissing occurs in most extant large apes, and likely also occurred in Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis), first evolving in the ancestor to this group ∼21.5–16.9 mya. Additionally, we highlight various life history variables that correlate reasonably, but not perfectly, with kissing across the apes (multi-male mating systems, non-folivorous diets, and premastication). With a major caveat about the quantity of available data at present, we hope that our results provide a useful starting point for further research into the adaptive function of kissing that highlights hypothesis generation and testing within a phylogenetic framework.

接吻在动物王国里随处可见。这提出了一个进化难题，因为接吻对健康的好处尚不清楚。我们使用非人类中心的方法来定义接吻为一种非激动性的相互作用，包括定向的、种内的、口腔-口腔接触，嘴唇/口器的一些运动，没有食物转移。根据这一定义，我们整理了非洲-欧亚灵长类动物的基本观测数据，并采用贝叶斯系统发育方法重建了接吻的进化史。我们发现，接吻发生在大多数现存的大型类人猿身上，也可能发生在尼安德特人身上，尼安德特人最早是在21.5-16.9亿年前的祖先中进化而来的。此外，我们强调了各种生活史变量，这些变量与类人猿之间的接吻有一定的关联，但并不完美（多雄性交配系统、非食性饮食和预咀嚼）。对于目前可用数据量的主要警告，我们希望我们的结果为进一步研究接吻的适应功能提供一个有用的起点，强调在系统发育框架内的假设生成和测试。

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引用次数: 0