Gravel-inlaid mud clasts as indicators of transport processes of subaqueous sediment gravity-flows

Much sedimentological research aims to understand the depositional processes by establishing the relationship between the transport processes of subaqueous sediment gravity flows (SSGFs) and the characteristics of their deposits. A distinctive type of gravel-inlaid mud clasts, which has been largely overlooked, is embedded with occasional granules or pebbles, and exhibits various angular shapes that are present in cores of SSGF deposits worldwide. SSGF deposits from four cored wells in the Liushagang Formation of the Weixi'nan depression, China, have been analyzed to explore the characteristics, distribution, and potential formation mechanisms of gravel-inlaid mud clasts, thereby revealing the transport processes of SSGFs. In the research area, SSGF deposits are dominated by gravelly high-density turbidites, sandy high-density turbidites, low-density turbidites, and hybrid event beds. Gravel-inlaid mud clasts are common in massive sandstones and bipartite or tripartite beds, exhibiting various distribution patterns. The erosional contact at the base of these beds, where coarse grains are partially embedded within the muddy substrate, indicates that gravel-inlaid mud clasts originate through processes of erosion and delamination. Their distribution from the lower to the upper part of massive sandstones and bipartite or tripartite beds suggests a floating process from base to top. The formation and distribution of gravel-inlaid mud clasts demonstrate the downflow transformation from high-density turbidity currents to low-strength debris flows, driven by the erosion of the underlying muddy substrate, ultimately resulting in the formation of hybrid event beds. The lofting of gravel-inlaid mud clasts increases the cohesion of the upper part of the high-density turbidity current, facilitating its transformation into a low-strength debris flow. Furthermore, the occurrence of gravel-inlaid mud clasts within massive sandstones clearly demonstrates that they are products of high-density turbidity currents rather than sandy debris flows. The identification of gravel-inlaid mud clasts and their distribution within deep-water deposits can be regarded as a reliable indicator for reconstructing SSGF transport processes from high-density turbidity currents to low-strength debris flows, ultimately transitioning into low-density turbidity currents.