Nanotechnology advancements in groundwater remediation: A comprehensive analysis of current research and future prospects

Groundwater contamination is a critical environmental issue with vital health implications. This review evaluates the advancements in nanotechnology for groundwater remediation, highlighting major findings and their relevance to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key findings include the superior adsorption capabilities of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with various groups for removing heavy metals and aromatic pollutants, outperforming traditional sorbents. The review also discusses the potential of nanomaterials like zero-valent iron nanoparticles for effective contaminant degradation. Despite promising results in the studies, challenges such as the movement and dispersion of engineered nanomaterials in porous media and the need for innovative delivery methods are identified. Furthermore, this review explores the environmental and health risks associated with the use of nanomaterials, emphasizing the need for risk assessments to ensure safe application. The novel delivery methods assessed, such as the use of groundwater circulation wells and the combination of nanoremediation with other techniques like bioremediation, demonstrate potential to enhance remediation efficiency. The integration of nanotechnology in groundwater remediation directly contributes to Clean Water and Sanitation by providing innovative solutions for the purification of water resources. Advanced nanomaterials not only improve contaminant removal efficiency but also promote sustainable water management practices. Additionally, the environmental benefits align with Life on Land, as the reduction of hazardous substances in groundwater protects terrestrial ecosystems and promotes biodiversity conservation. This review study aims to enhance understanding and identify future opportunities for nanotechnology in groundwater remediation. By addressing current challenges and proposing innovative solutions, this review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research and collaboration in advancing sustainable development.