Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Haplophyllum robustum Bge. Extract: Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Scolicidal activity against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolices

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized via the deployment of plant extractives have garnered much attention, especially due to their antimicrobial properties. Herein, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been accomplished using the aqueous extract of Haplophyllum robustum, which includes a study of its antibacterial, antifungal, and scolicidal activity. Methods: The preparative process was followed by characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the ensuing spherical AgNPs of average size 7-25 nm were identified by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial, antifungal, and scolicidal activities of AgNPs were assessed by deploying disc diffusion and microdilution methods against four standard bacteria and four typical Candida species and liver hydatid cyst protoscoleces, where they exhibited good biological activity. Results: The results showed that the greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of renewable and abundant H. robustum plant is a simple, inexpensive, and safer alternative that does not use any toxic or harmful substances. Conclusion: Thus, with minimal or no side effects, this approach to AgNPs bodes well for their appliances as antibacterial, antifungal, and scolicidal agents.