游戏是人类和动物的特权:我们的娱乐活动如何影响野生动物

IF 1.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Journal of Wildlife Management Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI:10.1002/jwmg.22664
Joel Berger, Kira A. Cassidy
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引用次数: 0

摘要

全球每年约有 80 亿人次前往世界各地开展以自然为基础的旅游,其中许多人游览了约 20 万个正式保护区。财力雄厚的游客为游玩活动支付费用,对野生动物的影响可能很大,而且相对不确定。我们的评论提出了三点。首先,资源特权和相关利益的变化不仅是人类的特征,也是其他物种的特征。在动物中,养育良好的种群比营养不良的种群从事更多的游戏和休闲活动。特权部分取决于出生地、父母和当地条件,但对人类来说,娱乐会随着金钱优势而扩大。其次,以自然为基础的旅游业对野生动物有两种普遍影响,每种影响都涉及习惯化程度。在非习性化种群中,经常出现放弃当地栖息地的情况,并受季节性、个体生理状态以及娱乐活动是否机动化的影响。对于有习惯的种群来说,对越来越多的娱乐接触会产生耐受性,一些物种种群会学会依赖人类作为缓冲,以抵御可能的捕食。第三,沙漠大角羊(Ovis canadensis nelsoni)为旅游业对野生动物的影响问题提供了一个有力的例子,因为在美国西部的公共土地上,娱乐活动与野生动物之间的地理关系非常复杂。几十年来,雌鸟一直受到保护,但在某些地点却无法适应不同形式的娱乐活动。其结果是逃离或放弃该地点。各种规模的生物多样性保护工作取得了巨大成就,但由于收入差距、特权和不断增加的娱乐活动等原因,保护工作进展受阻,因此仍需继续努力。
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Play is a privilege in both humans and animals: how our recreation influences wildlife

Nature-based tourism nets roughly 8 billion annual travelers globally to all regions of Earth, with many visiting around 200,000 formally protected areas. Financially well-off tourists pay for playful activities and effects on wildlife are potentially large and relatively uncertain. Our commentary makes 3 points. First, variation in resource privileges and associated benefits characterizes not only humans but other species. Among animals, well-nurtured populations engage in more playful and leisurely activities than do those nutritionally impoverished. Privilege depends partially on birth sites, parents, and local conditions, but for humans recreation expands with monetary advantage. Second, nature-based tourism has 2 generalizable effects on wildlife, each involving degree of habituation. Among non-habituated populations, local site abandonment is frequent and modulated by seasonality, individuals' physiological states, and whether recreation is motorized or not. For habituated populations, tolerance emerges to increasing recreational exposure with some populations of species learning to rely on humans to shield as a buffer against possible predation. Third, desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) offer a robust example of the issues surrounding the effects of tourism on wildlife because of the geographically complicated relationship between recreational pursuit and wildlife on public lands of the western United States. While protected for decades, females have failed to habituate to different forms of recreation at certain sites. The result has been flight or site abandonment. Biodiversity protection at numerous scales has made strong gains but is still needed where progress is stymied by income disparities, privilege, and increasing recreation ventures.

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来源期刊
Journal of Wildlife Management
Journal of Wildlife Management 环境科学-动物学
CiteScore
4.00
自引率
13.00%
发文量
188
审稿时长
9-24 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Wildlife Management publishes manuscripts containing information from original research that contributes to basic wildlife science. Suitable topics include investigations into the biology and ecology of wildlife and their habitats that has direct or indirect implications for wildlife management and conservation. This includes basic information on wildlife habitat use, reproduction, genetics, demographics, viability, predator-prey relationships, space-use, movements, behavior, and physiology; but within the context of contemporary management and conservation issues such that the knowledge may ultimately be useful to wildlife practitioners. Also considered are theoretical and conceptual aspects of wildlife science, including development of new approaches to quantitative analyses, modeling of wildlife populations and habitats, and other topics that are germane to advancing wildlife science. Limited reviews or meta analyses will be considered if they provide a meaningful new synthesis or perspective on an appropriate subject. Direct evaluation of management practices or policies should be sent to the Wildlife Society Bulletin, as should papers reporting new tools or techniques. However, papers that report new tools or techniques, or effects of management practices, within the context of a broader study investigating basic wildlife biology and ecology will be considered by The Journal of Wildlife Management. Book reviews of relevant topics in basic wildlife research and biology.
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