Euclid Collaboration, J. AdamekDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, B. FioriniInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, M. BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, G. BrandoMax Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, M. -A. BretonInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut de Ciencies de l'EspaiLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, F. HassaniInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, K. KoyamaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, A. M. C. Le BrunLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, G. RáczJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, H. -A. WintherInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. CasalinoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. Hernández-AguayoMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.~1, 85748 Garching, Germany, B. LiDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, D. PotterDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, E. AltamuraJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, C. CarboneINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, C. GiocoliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, D. F. MotaInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. PourtsidouInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKHiggs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK, Z. SakrInstitut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon, F. VernizziInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK, S. AndreonINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, N. AuricchioINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. BaccigalupiIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BardelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, P. BattagliaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, D. BoninoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, E. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, M. BresciaDepartment of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, J. BrinchmannInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal, A. CaillatAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, S. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. CapobiancoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. F. CardoneINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, J. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. CasasInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, F. J. CastanderInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, M. CastellanoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. CastignaniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. CavuotiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, A. CimattiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. Colodro-CondeInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, G. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, C. J. ConseliceJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, L. ConversiEuropean Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, ItalyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, Y. CopinUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, F. CourbinInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneInstitut de Ciències del CosmosInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, H. M. CourtoisUCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, A. Da SilvaDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, H. DegaudenziDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, G. De LuciaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. DouspisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, F. DubathDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, X. DupacESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, S. DusiniINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. FarinaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, S. FarrensUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, S. FerriolUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, P. FosalbaInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, M. FrailisINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, E. FranceschiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. FumanaINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, S. GaleottaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, B. GillisInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, P. Gómez-AlvarezFRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, SpainESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, A. GrazianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, F. GruppMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, L. GuzzoDipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, S. V. H. HauganInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, W. HolmesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, F. HormuthFelix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany, A. HornstrupTechnical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkCosmic Dawn Center, S. IlićUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, FranceInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, K. JahnkeMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, M. JhabvalaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, B. JoachimiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, E. KeihänenDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KermicheAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. KiesslingJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. KilbingerUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, B. KubikUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, M. KümmelUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, M. KunzUniversité de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland, H. Kurki-SuonioDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, S. LigoriINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, P. B. LiljeInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, V. LindholmDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, I. LloroNOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, G. MainettiCentre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, E. MaioranoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, O. MansuttiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, O. MarggrafUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany, K. MarkovicJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. MartinelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, N. MartinetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, F. MarulliDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, R. MasseyDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, E. MedinaceliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. MeiUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, M. MelchiorUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland, Y. MellierInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, M. MeneghettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, E. MerlinINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. MeylanInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, M. MorescoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, L. MoscardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. NeissnerInstitut de Física d'Altes EnergiesPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. -M. NiemiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, C. PadillaInstitut de Física d'Altes Energies, S. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, F. PasianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, K. PedersenDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, W. J. PercivalWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada, V. PettorinoEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, S. PiresUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, G. PolentaSpace Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy, M. PoncetCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, L. A. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. 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SagliaUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. G. SánchezMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, D. SaponeDepartamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile, B. SartorisUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, T. SchrabbackUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, A. SecrounAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, G. SeidelMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, S. SerranoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaSatlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, SpainInstitute of Space Sciences, C. SirignanoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, G. SirriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, L. StancoINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. SteinwagnerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, P. Tallada-CrespíCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, D. TavagnaccoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, I. TerenoDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, R. Toledo-MoreoUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, F. TorradeflotPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 BellaterraCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, I. TutusausInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, E. A. ValentijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, L. ValenzianoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, T. 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FabbianInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK, F. FinelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, J. Gracia-CarpioMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. MatthewInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, N. MauriDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. PezzottaMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, M. PöntinenDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, V. ScottezInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceJunia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France, M. TentiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, M. VielIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, M. WiesmannInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Y. AkramiInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainCERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, V. AllevatoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, S. AnselmiINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, M. ArchidiaconoDipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, F. Atrio-BarandelaDepartamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain, A. Balaguera-AntolinezInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, M. BallardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, A. BlanchardInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, L. BlotCenter for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMULaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, H. BöhringerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyLudwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. BorganiDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BrutonMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, R. CabanacInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, A. CalabroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, B. Camacho QuevedoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, G. Cañas-HerreraEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. CappiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyUniversité Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, F. CaroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. S. CarvalhoInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, T. CastroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, K. C. ChambersInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. ContariniMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. R. CoorayDepartment of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, G. DesprezDepartment of Astronomy \& Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada, A. Díaz-SánchezDepartamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain, J. J. DiazInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, S. Di DomizioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, H. DoleUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, S. EscoffierAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. G. FerrariDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, P. G. FerreiraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, I. FerreroInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. FinoguenovDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, F. FornariINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, L. GabarraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, K. GangaUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, J. García-BellidoInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, T. GasparettoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, V. GautardCEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, E. GaztanagaInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, F. GiacominiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, F. GianottiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. GozaliaslDepartment of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, C. M. GutierrezInstituto de Astrofí sica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna E-38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofí sica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, E-38200, Spain, A. HallInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, H. HildebrandtRuhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, J. HjorthDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, A. Jimenez MuñozUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France, S. JoudakiInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, J. J. E. KajavaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, FinlandSerco for European Space Agency, V. KansalARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, AustraliaCentre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, D. KaragiannisSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa, C. C. KirkpatrickDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KrukESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, J. Le GraetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, L. LegrandICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil, J. LesgourguesInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, T. I. LiaudatIRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. LoureiroOskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, SwedenAstrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK, G. MaggioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. MagliocchettiINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, F. MannucciINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy, R. MaoliDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. J. A. P. MartinsCentro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal, L. MaurinUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, R. B. MetcalfDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. MigliaccioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy, M. MiluzioESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainHE Space for European Space Agency, P. MonacoDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, A. MontoroInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, A. MoraAurora Technology for European Space Agency, C. MorettiSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, G. MorganteINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. NadathurInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, L. PatriziiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, V. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, P. ReimbergInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, I. RissoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, P. -F. RocciUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, M. SahlénTheoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, E. SarpaSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, A. SchneiderDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, M. SerenoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. SilvestriInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. Spurio ManciniDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX, UKMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK, K. TanidisDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, C. TaoAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. TessoreDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, G. TesteraINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, R. TeyssierDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, S. ToftCosmic Dawn CenterNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, S. TosiDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, A. TrojaDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. TucciDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, C. ValieriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. ValiviitaDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, D. VerganiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. VerzaCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA, P. VielzeufAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. A. WaltonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
{"title":"欧几里得准备。超越Λ$CDM的模拟与非线性。1.数值方法与验证","authors":"Euclid Collaboration, J. AdamekDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, B. FioriniInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, M. BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, G. BrandoMax Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, M. -A. BretonInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut de Ciencies de l'EspaiLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, F. HassaniInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, K. KoyamaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, A. M. C. Le BrunLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, G. RáczJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, H. -A. WintherInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. CasalinoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. Hernández-AguayoMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.~1, 85748 Garching, Germany, B. LiDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, D. PotterDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, E. AltamuraJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, C. CarboneINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, C. GiocoliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, D. F. MotaInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. PourtsidouInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKHiggs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK, Z. SakrInstitut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon, F. VernizziInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK, S. AndreonINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, N. AuricchioINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. BaccigalupiIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BardelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, P. BattagliaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, D. BoninoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, E. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, M. BresciaDepartment of Physics \"E. Pancini\", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, J. BrinchmannInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal, A. CaillatAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, S. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. CapobiancoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. F. CardoneINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, J. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. CasasInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, F. J. CastanderInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, M. CastellanoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. CastignaniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. CavuotiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, A. CimattiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. Colodro-CondeInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, G. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, C. J. ConseliceJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, L. ConversiEuropean Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, ItalyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, Y. CopinUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, F. CourbinInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneInstitut de Ciències del CosmosInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, H. M. CourtoisUCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, A. Da SilvaDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, H. DegaudenziDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, G. De LuciaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. DouspisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, F. DubathDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, X. DupacESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, S. DusiniINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. FarinaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, S. FarrensUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, S. FerriolUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, P. FosalbaInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, M. FrailisINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, E. FranceschiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. FumanaINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, S. GaleottaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, B. GillisInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, P. Gómez-AlvarezFRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, SpainESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, A. GrazianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, F. GruppMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, L. GuzzoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, S. V. H. HauganInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, W. HolmesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, F. HormuthFelix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany, A. HornstrupTechnical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkCosmic Dawn Center, S. IlićUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, FranceInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, K. JahnkeMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, M. JhabvalaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, B. JoachimiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, E. KeihänenDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KermicheAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. KiesslingJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. KilbingerUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, B. KubikUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, M. KümmelUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, M. KunzUniversité de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland, H. Kurki-SuonioDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, S. LigoriINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, P. B. LiljeInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, V. LindholmDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, I. LloroNOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, G. MainettiCentre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, E. MaioranoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, O. MansuttiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, O. MarggrafUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany, K. MarkovicJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. MartinelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, N. MartinetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, F. MarulliDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, R. MasseyDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, E. MedinaceliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. MeiUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, M. MelchiorUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland, Y. MellierInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, M. MeneghettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, E. MerlinINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. MeylanInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, M. MorescoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, L. MoscardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. NeissnerInstitut de Física d'Altes EnergiesPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. -M. NiemiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, C. PadillaInstitut de Física d'Altes Energies, S. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, F. PasianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, K. PedersenDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, W. J. PercivalWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada, V. PettorinoEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, S. PiresUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, G. PolentaSpace Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy, M. PoncetCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, L. A. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, L. PozzettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, F. RaisonMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. RenziDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. RhodesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, G. RiccioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, E. RomelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. RoncarelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, R. SagliaUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. G. SánchezMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, D. SaponeDepartamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile, B. SartorisUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, T. SchrabbackUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, A. SecrounAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, G. SeidelMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, S. SerranoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaSatlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, SpainInstitute of Space Sciences, C. SirignanoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, G. SirriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, L. StancoINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. SteinwagnerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, P. Tallada-CrespíCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, D. TavagnaccoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, I. TerenoDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, R. Toledo-MoreoUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, F. TorradeflotPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 BellaterraCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, I. TutusausInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, E. A. ValentijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, L. ValenzianoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, T. VassalloUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, G. Verdoes KleijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, A. VeropalumboINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, Y. WangInfrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, J. WellerUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. ZamoraniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, E. ZuccaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, A. BivianoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, C. BuriganaINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, M. CalabreseAstronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta ValleyINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, D. Di FerdinandoINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. A. Escartin VigoMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. FabbianInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK, F. FinelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, J. Gracia-CarpioMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. MatthewInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, N. MauriDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. PezzottaMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, M. PöntinenDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, V. ScottezInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceJunia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France, M. TentiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, M. VielIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, M. WiesmannInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Y. AkramiInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainCERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, V. AllevatoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, S. AnselmiINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, M. ArchidiaconoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, F. Atrio-BarandelaDepartamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain, A. Balaguera-AntolinezInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, M. BallardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, A. BlanchardInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, L. BlotCenter for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMULaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, H. BöhringerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyLudwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. BorganiDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BrutonMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, R. CabanacInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, A. CalabroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, B. Camacho QuevedoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, G. Cañas-HerreraEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. CappiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyUniversité Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, F. CaroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. S. CarvalhoInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, T. CastroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, K. C. ChambersInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. ContariniMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. R. CoorayDepartment of Physics \\& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, G. DesprezDepartment of Astronomy \\& Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada, A. Díaz-SánchezDepartamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain, J. J. DiazInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, S. Di DomizioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, H. DoleUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, S. EscoffierAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. G. FerrariDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, P. G. FerreiraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, I. FerreroInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. FinoguenovDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, F. FornariINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, L. GabarraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, K. GangaUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, J. García-BellidoInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, T. GasparettoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, V. GautardCEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, E. GaztanagaInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, F. GiacominiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, F. GianottiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. GozaliaslDepartment of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, C. M. GutierrezInstituto de Astrofí sica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna E-38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofí sica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, E-38200, Spain, A. HallInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, H. HildebrandtRuhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, J. HjorthDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, A. Jimenez MuñozUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France, S. JoudakiInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, J. J. E. KajavaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, FinlandSerco for European Space Agency, V. KansalARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, AustraliaCentre for Astrophysics \\& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, D. KaragiannisSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa, C. C. KirkpatrickDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KrukESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, J. Le GraetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, L. LegrandICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil, J. LesgourguesInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, T. I. LiaudatIRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. LoureiroOskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, SwedenAstrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK, G. MaggioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. MagliocchettiINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, F. MannucciINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy, R. MaoliDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. J. A. P. MartinsCentro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal, L. MaurinUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, R. B. MetcalfDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. MigliaccioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy, M. MiluzioESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainHE Space for European Space Agency, P. MonacoDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, A. MontoroInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, A. MoraAurora Technology for European Space Agency, C. MorettiSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, G. MorganteINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. NadathurInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, L. PatriziiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, V. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, P. ReimbergInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, I. RissoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, P. -F. RocciUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, M. SahlénTheoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, E. SarpaSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, A. SchneiderDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, M. SerenoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. SilvestriInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. Spurio ManciniDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX, UKMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK, K. TanidisDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, C. TaoAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. TessoreDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, G. TesteraINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, R. TeyssierDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, S. ToftCosmic Dawn CenterNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, S. TosiDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, A. TrojaDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. TucciDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, C. ValieriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. ValiviitaDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, D. VerganiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. VerzaCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA, P. VielzeufAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. A. WaltonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK","doi":"arxiv-2409.03522","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"To constrain models beyond $\\Lambda$CDM, the development of the Euclid\nanalysis pipeline requires simulations that capture the nonlinear phenomenology\nof such models. We present an overview of numerical methods and $N$-body\nsimulation codes developed to study the nonlinear regime of structure formation\nin alternative dark energy and modified gravity theories. We review a variety\nof numerical techniques and approximations employed in cosmological $N$-body\nsimulations to model the complex phenomenology of scenarios beyond\n$\\Lambda$CDM. This includes discussions on solving nonlinear field equations,\naccounting for fifth forces, and implementing screening mechanisms.\nFurthermore, we conduct a code comparison exercise to assess the reliability\nand convergence of different simulation codes across a range of models. Our\nanalysis demonstrates a high degree of agreement among the outputs of different\nsimulation codes, providing confidence in current numerical methods for\nmodelling cosmic structure formation beyond $\\Lambda$CDM. We highlight recent\nadvances made in simulating the nonlinear scales of structure formation, which\nare essential for leveraging the full scientific potential of the forthcoming\nobservational data from the Euclid mission.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Euclid preparation. Simulations and nonlinearities beyond $Λ$CDM. 1. Numerical methods and validation\",\"authors\":\"Euclid Collaboration, J. AdamekDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, B. FioriniInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, M. BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, G. BrandoMax Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, M. -A. BretonInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut de Ciencies de l'EspaiLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, F. HassaniInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, K. KoyamaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, A. M. C. Le BrunLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, G. RáczJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, H. -A. WintherInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. CasalinoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. Hernández-AguayoMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.~1, 85748 Garching, Germany, B. LiDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, D. PotterDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, E. AltamuraJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, C. CarboneINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, C. GiocoliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, D. F. MotaInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. PourtsidouInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKHiggs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK, Z. SakrInstitut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon, F. VernizziInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK, S. AndreonINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, N. AuricchioINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. BaccigalupiIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BardelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, P. BattagliaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, D. BoninoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, E. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, M. BresciaDepartment of Physics \\\"E. Pancini\\\", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, J. BrinchmannInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal, A. CaillatAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, S. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. CapobiancoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. F. CardoneINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, J. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. CasasInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, F. J. CastanderInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, M. CastellanoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. CastignaniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. CavuotiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, A. CimattiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. Colodro-CondeInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, G. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, C. J. ConseliceJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, L. ConversiEuropean Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, ItalyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, Y. CopinUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, F. CourbinInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneInstitut de Ciències del CosmosInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, H. M. CourtoisUCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, A. Da SilvaDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, H. DegaudenziDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, G. De LuciaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. DouspisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, F. DubathDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, X. DupacESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, S. DusiniINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. FarinaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, S. FarrensUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, S. FerriolUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, P. FosalbaInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, M. FrailisINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, E. FranceschiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. FumanaINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, S. GaleottaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, B. GillisInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, P. Gómez-AlvarezFRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, SpainESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, A. GrazianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, F. GruppMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, L. GuzzoDipartimento di Fisica \\\"Aldo Pontremoli\\\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, S. V. H. HauganInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, W. HolmesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, F. HormuthFelix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany, A. HornstrupTechnical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkCosmic Dawn Center, S. IlićUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, FranceInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, K. JahnkeMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, M. JhabvalaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, B. JoachimiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, E. KeihänenDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KermicheAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. KiesslingJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. KilbingerUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, B. KubikUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, M. KümmelUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, M. KunzUniversité de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland, H. Kurki-SuonioDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, S. LigoriINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, P. B. LiljeInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, V. LindholmDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, I. LloroNOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, G. MainettiCentre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, E. MaioranoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, O. MansuttiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, O. MarggrafUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany, K. MarkovicJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. MartinelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, N. MartinetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, F. MarulliDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, R. MasseyDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, E. MedinaceliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. MeiUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, M. MelchiorUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland, Y. MellierInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, M. MeneghettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, E. MerlinINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. MeylanInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, M. MorescoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, L. MoscardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. NeissnerInstitut de Física d'Altes EnergiesPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. -M. NiemiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, C. PadillaInstitut de Física d'Altes Energies, S. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, F. PasianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, K. PedersenDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, W. J. PercivalWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada, V. PettorinoEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, S. PiresUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, G. PolentaSpace Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy, M. PoncetCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, L. A. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, L. PozzettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, F. RaisonMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. RenziDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"G. Galilei\\\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. RhodesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, G. RiccioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, E. RomelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. RoncarelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, R. SagliaUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. G. SánchezMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, D. SaponeDepartamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile, B. SartorisUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, T. SchrabbackUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, A. SecrounAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, G. SeidelMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, S. SerranoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaSatlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, SpainInstitute of Space Sciences, C. SirignanoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"G. Galilei\\\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, G. SirriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, L. StancoINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. SteinwagnerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, P. Tallada-CrespíCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, D. TavagnaccoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, I. TerenoDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, R. Toledo-MoreoUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, F. TorradeflotPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 BellaterraCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, I. TutusausInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, E. A. ValentijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, L. ValenzianoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, T. VassalloUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, G. Verdoes KleijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, A. VeropalumboINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, Y. WangInfrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, J. WellerUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. ZamoraniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, E. ZuccaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, A. BivianoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, C. BuriganaINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, M. CalabreseAstronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta ValleyINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, D. Di FerdinandoINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. A. Escartin VigoMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. FabbianInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK, F. FinelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, J. Gracia-CarpioMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. MatthewInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, N. MauriDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. PezzottaMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, M. PöntinenDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, V. ScottezInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceJunia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France, M. TentiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, M. VielIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, M. WiesmannInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Y. AkramiInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainCERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, V. AllevatoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, S. AnselmiINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"G. Galilei\\\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, M. ArchidiaconoDipartimento di Fisica \\\"Aldo Pontremoli\\\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, F. Atrio-BarandelaDepartamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain, A. Balaguera-AntolinezInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, M. BallardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, A. BlanchardInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, L. BlotCenter for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMULaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, H. BöhringerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyLudwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. BorganiDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BrutonMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, R. CabanacInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, A. CalabroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, B. Camacho QuevedoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, G. Cañas-HerreraEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. CappiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyUniversité Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, F. CaroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. S. CarvalhoInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, T. CastroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, K. C. ChambersInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. ContariniMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. R. CoorayDepartment of Physics \\\\& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, G. DesprezDepartment of Astronomy \\\\& Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada, A. Díaz-SánchezDepartamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain, J. J. DiazInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, S. Di DomizioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, H. DoleUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, S. EscoffierAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. G. FerrariDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, P. G. FerreiraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, I. FerreroInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. FinoguenovDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, F. FornariINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, L. GabarraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, K. GangaUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, J. García-BellidoInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, T. GasparettoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, V. GautardCEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, E. GaztanagaInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, F. GiacominiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, F. GianottiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. GozaliaslDepartment of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, C. M. GutierrezInstituto de Astrofí sica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna E-38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofí sica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, E-38200, Spain, A. HallInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, H. HildebrandtRuhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, J. HjorthDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, A. Jimenez MuñozUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France, S. JoudakiInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, J. J. E. KajavaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, FinlandSerco for European Space Agency, V. KansalARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, AustraliaCentre for Astrophysics \\\\& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, D. KaragiannisSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa, C. C. KirkpatrickDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KrukESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, J. Le GraetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, L. LegrandICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil, J. LesgourguesInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, T. I. LiaudatIRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. LoureiroOskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, SwedenAstrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK, G. MaggioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. MagliocchettiINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, F. MannucciINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy, R. MaoliDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. J. A. P. MartinsCentro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal, L. MaurinUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, R. B. MetcalfDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"Augusto Righi\\\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. MigliaccioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy, M. MiluzioESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainHE Space for European Space Agency, P. MonacoDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, A. MontoroInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, A. MoraAurora Technology for European Space Agency, C. MorettiSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, G. MorganteINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. NadathurInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, L. PatriziiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, V. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, P. ReimbergInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, I. RissoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, P. -F. RocciUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, M. SahlénTheoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, E. SarpaSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, A. SchneiderDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, M. SerenoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. SilvestriInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. Spurio ManciniDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX, UKMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK, K. TanidisDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, C. TaoAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. TessoreDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, G. TesteraINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, R. TeyssierDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, S. ToftCosmic Dawn CenterNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, S. TosiDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, A. TrojaDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \\\"G. Galilei\\\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. TucciDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, C. ValieriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. ValiviitaDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, D. VerganiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. VerzaCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA, P. VielzeufAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. A. WaltonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK\",\"doi\":\"arxiv-2409.03522\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"To constrain models beyond $\\\\Lambda$CDM, the development of the Euclid\\nanalysis pipeline requires simulations that capture the nonlinear phenomenology\\nof such models. We present an overview of numerical methods and $N$-body\\nsimulation codes developed to study the nonlinear regime of structure formation\\nin alternative dark energy and modified gravity theories. We review a variety\\nof numerical techniques and approximations employed in cosmological $N$-body\\nsimulations to model the complex phenomenology of scenarios beyond\\n$\\\\Lambda$CDM. This includes discussions on solving nonlinear field equations,\\naccounting for fifth forces, and implementing screening mechanisms.\\nFurthermore, we conduct a code comparison exercise to assess the reliability\\nand convergence of different simulation codes across a range of models. Our\\nanalysis demonstrates a high degree of agreement among the outputs of different\\nsimulation codes, providing confidence in current numerical methods for\\nmodelling cosmic structure formation beyond $\\\\Lambda$CDM. We highlight recent\\nadvances made in simulating the nonlinear scales of structure formation, which\\nare essential for leveraging the full scientific potential of the forthcoming\\nobservational data from the Euclid mission.\",\"PeriodicalId\":501207,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics\",\"volume\":\"49 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-05\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03522\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03522","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Euclid preparation. Simulations and nonlinearities beyond $Λ$CDM. 1. Numerical methods and validation
To constrain models beyond $\Lambda$CDM, the development of the Euclid
analysis pipeline requires simulations that capture the nonlinear phenomenology
of such models. We present an overview of numerical methods and $N$-body
simulation codes developed to study the nonlinear regime of structure formation
in alternative dark energy and modified gravity theories. We review a variety
of numerical techniques and approximations employed in cosmological $N$-body
simulations to model the complex phenomenology of scenarios beyond
$\Lambda$CDM. This includes discussions on solving nonlinear field equations,
accounting for fifth forces, and implementing screening mechanisms.
Furthermore, we conduct a code comparison exercise to assess the reliability
and convergence of different simulation codes across a range of models. Our
analysis demonstrates a high degree of agreement among the outputs of different
simulation codes, providing confidence in current numerical methods for
modelling cosmic structure formation beyond $\Lambda$CDM. We highlight recent
advances made in simulating the nonlinear scales of structure formation, which
are essential for leveraging the full scientific potential of the forthcoming
observational data from the Euclid mission.
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